Historical origin
The predecessor of oil painting is1egg painting in European painting before the 5th century, which was developed by the Dutch painter Jan Van Eyck after improving the painting materials (1385-144 1). Later generations praised Yang Van Eyck as "the father of oil painting" because he made a unique contribution to the in-depth development of oil painting techniques. Modern oil paintings mostly use linseed oil to blend pigments and paint on processed cloth or wood boards. Because oil painting pigments do not change color after drying, many colors will not become dirty after mixing, and painters can draw rich and realistic colors. Oil painting pigments are opaque and have strong coverage, so the painting can be covered layer by layer from deep to shallow, giving the painting a three-dimensional effect.
Oil painting has gradually become the main way of painting in the history of western painting, and the surviving western painting is mainly oil painting. With the development of time, oil paintings have gradually come into life. The most famous one is an ordinary woman in Mona Lisa, which is widely circulated. /kloc-In the late 20th century, due to the development of science and technology, many new materials were applied in the field of oil painting, such as acrylic pigments and coatings.
main feature
Generally speaking, classical oil painting is the result of the comprehensive application of oil painting language and other factors. R. Kangping's three-leaf altar painting "Prenotice of Pregnancy" presents all the indoor and outdoor scenery in detail. Titian of Italy is the 1 th painter who pays special attention to the expressive force of oil painting. He paints on a dark background, and often uses bright colors with similar lightness and slightly different tones to form a magnificent golden tone. The repeated overlapping of transparent pigments and distinct strokes make the color and form blend organically and create a texture effect. /kloc-since the 0/8th century, under the impact of social, cultural and scientific factors, oil painting has also undergone earth-shaking and devastating changes. More schools, more ideas, richer creations, deeper and more influential theories, inspiring, deconstructing, rebelling, competing for the exotic and blooming.
classical oil painting
The development of oil painting has experienced several periods: classical, modern and modern. Oil paintings in different periods are dominated by the artistic concepts and techniques of the times, showing different faces.
The historical conditions in the early stage of oil painting development laid the realistic tendency of classical oil painting. In the European Renaissance movement in the15th century, humanism thought, out of criticism of religion, produced a positive appeal to pay attention to social reality. In order to gradually get rid of the single creation with the theme of Christian classics, many famous painters began to observe and directly describe the people, scenery and things in their lives at that time, so that the works with religious themes contained obvious realistic secular factors, and some painters described real life more completely. Renaissance painters inherited the artistic concepts of Greece and Rome, that is, they not only paid attention to describing an event or fact in their works, but also revealed the cause and effect of the event or fact, so they formed artistic techniques that focused on conceiving typical plots and shaping typical images. At the same time, the painter also explored the application of anatomy and perspective in painting and the role of light and shade distribution in the picture, forming the scientific principle of modeling. The application of human anatomy makes the figure modeling in painting have realistic and accurate proportion, shape and structural relationship; The establishment of focus perspective makes painting form the depth space of illusion through composition, and the scenery in painting is the same as the instantaneous visual experience in reality; The shading method unifies the objects in the painting under the light emitted by a main light source, forming a clear hierarchy from near to far. The artistic theme of humanism and the idea of pursuing realism in other paintings cannot be perfected because of the limitation of tool materials, and the performance of oil painting tool materials is suitable for full expression. Therefore, after a long period of production, classical oil paintings have become highly realistic.
Modern oil painting
The development of oil painting has a new trend in the19th century, mainly the change of oil painting color. J. constable, an English painter, was the first one to sketch in the open air directly with oil painting, and gained a rich sense of color. He juxtaposes colors with tiny strokes in local areas, mixing them into more vivid color blocks, and the picture is much brighter than that of classical earthy tones. Complementary colors of colors-the principle that the colors of the two poles of a color wheel can improve each other's brightness and intensity when they are juxtaposed-were later recognized scientifically, but constable obtained the principle of complementary colors perceptibly by observing nature, and partially applied it in practice. His works inspired the French painter e delacroix. Delacroix led by romanticism, and created large-scale theme paintings according to historical events at that time. He used more complementary color relations in the color expression of his creation, and used active brush strokes in many parts of the picture to form color contrast, which enhanced the brightness and gorgeous feeling of color and formed a style that shocked the painting world at that time. Many painters in barbizon school, France, sketched in different natural climatic conditions, and realized the relationship among light source color, inherent color and environmental color of scenery, as well as the great significance of color tone in reflecting time, environment and atmosphere, setting off artistic themes and forming artistic conception and emotional appeal of pictures. A large number of their landscape creations depict the natural wind, rain, morning, dusk and other specific color atmosphere.
From the end of 19, western oil painting has undergone fundamental changes. The narrow artistic function and comprehensive realistic techniques of traditional oil painting have reached the high saturation of its own system, so it tends to disintegrate in the changes of philosophical concepts and artistic concepts. Oil painting is no longer based on the principle of imitating and reproducing nature, and the artistic image of oil painting freely constructed by artists is regarded as a new reality. Artists no longer depict nature truthfully through oil paintings, but express their spiritual and emotional world through oil paintings and construct their works through imagination and fantasy. The three painters after Impressionism took the lead in abandoning the traditional oil painting mode. V. Van Gogh's bold and unrestrained brushstrokes make the thick and bright colors full of strong sense of force and express inner emotional anxiety. P Gauguin uses symbolic colors and shapes to form a picture, and the space of the work is contrary to the traditional form, with an indescribable mysterious atmosphere. P Cezanne explored the use of geometric figures to form artistic images and created a colorful world picture. Their works have become a symbol of the dramatic changes in oil painting.
Contemporary oil painting
In the 20th century oil painting, different artistic concepts formed different schools, which restricted the diversification of artistic forms. Some factors in traditional oil painting techniques are often strengthened into the formal embodiment of artistic concepts, and even pushed to extremes, and the formal language of oil painting is highly valued. Cubism, for example, ignores color and mainly constructs the body freely; Fauvism that pays attention to the balance effect in strong color state; Expressionism of distorted psychology is expressed through the disorderly use of colors and strokes; Abstraction is purely composed of points, lines and surfaces of color; And the abstract expressionism of throwing, splashing and dripping pigments on canvas at will. In the past hundred years, there are many schools of modern western oil painting, one after another. As long as oil painting tools and materials are used as modeling media, artists can create any oil painting appearance.
Major painting schools
Baroque-/kloc-baroque pop from the 7th century to the 8th century. The original meaning of the word "Baroque" is irregular, twisted and grotesque. Advocating the distortion, richness and sense of volume of movement, its artistic language is strong, exaggerated, dynamic and flashy, which are the characteristics of baroque painting, and its representative is Rubens.
Rocco school-"Rocco" originally meant the shape of a shell. Its artistic style is complex, delicate, slender and sweet, and it was popular in18th century. Its representative painters are Eduardo and Fran? ois.
Classicism and academic school-Classicism is based on respecting the aesthetic principles of ancient Greece and Rome, with symmetrical and balanced composition, solemn and magnificent momentum, exquisite techniques and in-depth description. This is also the principle pursued by the academic school. As Fasino, the founder of academic school, said, "Beauty is the highest goal of all works of art and an objective nature of things, which is composed of order, harmony, proportion and rules". Its representative writers are Raphael and Angel.
Romanticism-Romanticism originated in the early19th century, and its masterpiece is "Medusa's Raft" by Ji Like. The composition, light, color, dynamics and expressions in this work all show the artist's rich imagination, breaking the horizontal and vertical in classical composition, and the light is soft and even, which makes the picture have a passion. This is also an important element of romantic painting, which pays attention to the catharsis and expression of feelings.
Realism-realistic painting refers to1In the mid-9th century, painters headed by Miller advocated expressing normal visual images and reflecting the essence of life by being faithful to objects. His masterpiece is "Miller's Collection".
Realism and photographic realism-realism, as its founder Courbet said in 1885: "As I have seen, it faithfully shows the customs, thoughts and characteristics of my time. In short, creating art is my purpose. "
Photographic realism is to put life on the screen in the form of photography, such as a close-up portrait of John. It draws a work by taking photos or slides first, and then enlarges it to the cloth at a ratio ten times larger than the real person, showing the details of the object more delicately and realistically, such as every texture and hair on the face. Impressionism-Impressionism is that painters in the19th century went out of the studio to explore the instantaneous changes of light and color in nature, which broke the traditional concept of inherent color, such as the tree is blue-green, and the shadow is black. It objectively painted the influence of the surrounding color on the inherent color. Its representative painters are Monet, Seurat, Cezanne and Renoir.
If the above-mentioned school of painting is still a faithful representation of nature by painters, but only supplements, emphasizes and develops it, then the second category introduced below is post-impressionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, abstraction, surrealism and so on. , is no longer a true description of the objective object, but a free creation according to the painter's subjective intention, and most of them appeared after the 20th century.
Post-impressionism-Post-impressionism painters emphasize self-feeling and pay attention to color contrast and the internal structure of things. The representative painters are Van Gogh and Gauguin. This school of painting has had a far-reaching influence on modern western painting.
Fauvism-Fauvism expresses its inner passion with exaggerated shapes, strong colors and rough lines, and Matisse is the founder of this painting school.
Cubism-Cubism painting school, the viewpoint of the picture is no longer an orientation, but an all-round performance of things, so that objects can be restored to geometric shapes. Its founder is Spanish painter Picasso and French painter Braque.
Futurist-Futurist painters use colors and lines to express the speed and intensity of movement and their combination and separation in an abstract form.
Abstraction-Abstraction depends on the abstract combination of lines, blocks, surfaces and colors, and has no concrete image. Its representative painter is the Dutch painter Mondl An.
Dadaism-Dadaism has a certain influence on later surrealism, mobile sculpture, pop art and even postmodernism.
Surrealism-Surrealism painting school is influenced by Bergson's intuitionism and Freud's subconscious theory, and advocates expressing people's subconscious and dreams. Representative painters are Spanish painters Dali and Milo.