1. Please tell me how to pause and break sentences in classical Chinese.
Learning to read classical Chinese is a key. Only by reading can you understand. Reading involves reading the pronunciation of the characters, reading the rhythm, and reading out the words. emotion.
Regarding reading, it was considered difficult to test it in the form of a written test in the past. Now there is no condition to promote the oral test. These contents of reading are still reflected in the written test papers in recent years, especially After the implementation of the new curriculum reform, there is a tendency to increase the number of examinations in this area. Now let’s talk about how to break sentences using the rhythm of reading as an example.
Pauses within classical Chinese sentences are generally analyzed from two aspects: sentence structure and semantics: 1. From the perspective of sentence structure, two points must be mastered: (1) Between subject and predicate, between verb and object, and between adjectives , moving tween often has to wait. For example: Example 1. The correct reading rhythm of the following sentences is ( ) a. Today’s Qi place / thousands of miles b. The king’s cover / very much c. The guests of the ministers have requests / for the ministers d. The ministers of the imperial court / are not afraid of The subject of item a here is "the place of Qi" and the predicate is "thousands of miles in radius", so this sentence must pause after "Qi".
In item b, "cover" is the verb predicate, and "even" is the complement, so it is correct to pause after "cover". In items c and d, "the guest of the minister" and "the minister of the imperial court" are the subjects, and there should be a pause after them.
Another example: Example 2, use "/" to divide the rhythm of the following sentences. (Only draw one place) I have heard about it for a long time.
In this sentence, "I" is the subject, and "I have heard it for a long time" is the predicate, so there should be a pause after "I". There is also the sentence "Butcher/from the back/cut/of its stock" in "Wolf". "Butcher" is the subject, "cut" is the verb predicate, and "Qi" is the object, so the pause after "Tu" is between subject and predicate. Pause, the pause after "break" is the pause between the verb and object, and the pause after "自后" is the pause between the adverbial and the central language.
(2) Pause where ingredients are omitted. For example: "I want / (the fisherman) to return home", "The rest of the people will return / (the fisherman) to their homes", etc.
2. From a semantic point of view, the following points should be grasped: (1) Where there is a transition in semantics, there must be a pause before the transition conjunction. For example: Example 3. Choose one of the following sentences whose rhythm division is incorrect ( ) a. The despise of Shu / There are two monks b. Zi / How to rely on it c. The rich monk cannot come / and the poor can come d . Relying on one’s own intelligence and sensitivity but not being a scholar. Here in item c, “The rich cannot come, but the poor will come”, “The rich will not come”, but “the poor will come”, the semantics of the preceding and following changes, the turning conjunction “er” There was a pause before, so this item is correct; item d. "relying on one's intelligence and agility but not being a scholar", relying on one's talent for being smart and quick-thinking but not studying hard, the semantics of "er" have changed It is correct to pause before, so this item is wrong.
Items a and b are the pauses between subject and predicate, which are correct. In the following example (2), it is the same as sentence C here. (1) is a pause between the subject and the predicate, and there is a pause after "people are learning". 2. Please tell me how to pause and break sentences in classical Chinese
Learning to read classical Chinese is a key. Only by reading can you understand. Reading involves reading the pronunciation of the characters, reading the rhythm, and reading the emotions. Regarding reading, it used to be considered difficult to test in the form of written examinations. Now there is no condition to promote oral examinations. These contents of reading are still reflected in the written examination papers in recent years, especially after the implementation of the new curriculum reform. There is a tendency to increase the number of examinations in this area. Now let’s talk about how to break sentences using the rhythm of reading as an example. Pauses within classical Chinese sentences are generally analyzed from two aspects: sentence structure and semantics:
1. From the perspective of sentence structure, two points must be mastered:
(1) Between subject and predicate , between object and object, between states, and between verbs and tweens, often need to stop and wait. For example:
Example 1. The correct reading rhythm of the following sentences is ( )
a. Jinqi place/Qianli
b. Wang Zhihu/ Very true
c. The guest of the minister has something to ask for / from the minister
d. The ministers of the imperial court are all afraid of the king
The subject of item a here is " "The place of Qi", the predicate is "thousands of miles in radius", so this sentence should pause after "Qi". In item b, "cover" is the verb predicate, and "shi" is the complement, so it is correct to pause after "cover". In items c and d, "the guest of the minister" and "the minister of the imperial court" are the subjects, and there should be a pause after them. Another example:
Example 2. Use "/" to divide the rhythm of the following sentences. (Only draw one place)
I have heard about it for a long time.
In this sentence, "I" is the subject, and "I have heard it for a long time" is the predicate, so there should be a pause after "I". There is also the sentence "Butcher/from the back/cut/of its stock" in "Wolf". "Butcher" is the subject, "cut" is the verb predicate, and "Qi" is the object, so the pause after "Tu" is between subject and predicate. Pause, the pause after "break" is the pause between the verb and object, and the pause after "自后" is the pause between the adverbial and the central language.
(2) Pause where ingredients are omitted. For example: "I want / (the fisherman) to return home", "The rest of the people will return / (the fisherman) to their homes", etc.
2. From a semantic point of view, the following points should be grasped:
(1) Where there is a transition in semantics, there must be a pause before the transition conjunction.
For example:
Example 3. Choose one of the following sentences whose rhythm division is incorrect ( ) a. The despise of Shu/There are two monks
b. Zi/He goes away relying on it
c. A rich man cannot be a monk, but a poor man cannot be a monk
d. Relying on one’s own intelligence and acumen without being a scholar
Here, item c “monk” "The rich cannot come, but the poor will come", "The rich will not come" but "the poor will come", the semantics of before and after have changed, there is a pause before the turning conjunction "er", so this item is correct; d, item " "Relying on one's intelligence and acumen but not being a scholar", one relies on one's talent for being smart and quick-thinking but does not study hard. It is only right to pause before "er" where the meaning of the sentence changes, so this item is wrong. Items a and b are the pauses between subject and predicate, which are correct. In the following example (2), it is the same as sentence C here. (1) is a pause between the subject and the predicate, and there is a pause after "people are learning". 3. How to pause when reading classical Chinese
When learning classical Chinese, you must pay attention to reading it thoroughly.
"Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent to you." Only when you read it catchy can you better understand the meaning of the text and appreciate the taste of the article.
To read carefully, you must read well and pause, and you must not read broken sentences. How to deal with sentence pauses? The following tips can help you.
1. Basic understanding of sentence meanings and word meanings, which will help you read the correct pauses in the sentences. Before learning a classical Chinese article, you can roughly understand the meaning of the article while reading it and combine it with the annotations. You should repeatedly ponder over the parts that you cannot understand. , understand its meaning based on the context. A general understanding of word meanings and sentence meanings can effectively prevent the phenomenon of reading broken sentences.
For example: in "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring", the sentence "The remaining people each returned to their home", if it is interrupted to "The remaining people/each returned to their home", this means that they do not understand the meaning of the sentence, and they do not understand the meaning of "the remaining people return to their homes". The meanings of the words "Yan" and "Yan" are unclear, and the "who" and "Zhijia" are misunderstood. When you know that "Gefu" means "Geyou", "Yan" means "invitation", which means to invite "fishermen" ” (omitted), “Go to your own home.” It should be read as "the remaining people/recovered/extended to their homes".
Another example is "The merging of two wolves/driving them together as before" in "Wolf" (wrong). This is because you don't understand the meaning of "merging" and "driving". When you know that "merging" means "together", " "Drive" means "to chase", so it should be read as "two wolves driving together/as usual". 2. Use the accumulated grammatical knowledge to help you read the pauses in the sentence accurately. For example: in the sentence "One of the dogs sat in front" in "Wolf", should it be read as "One of the dogs/sits in front" or "One of the dogs" /The dog sits in front”? It depends on whether "dog" is the subject of this sentence.
The grammatical structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese have many similarities. We can use the grammatical knowledge of modern Chinese to determine where pauses are needed. 1. There should be a pause after the associated words and modal particles at the beginning of the sentence.
For example: (1) Although/chickens and dogs cannot be at peace. (2) Therefore/a gentleman will not fight if he wants.
(3) The one-year-old offender died. "Although" in Example (1) and "Gu" in Example (2) are conjunctions, and "Gai" in Example (3) is a modal particle.
2. There should be a pause after the adverbial at the beginning of the sentence. (4) It’s just/the sunset is above.
(5) Those who lived with my ancestors in the past. (6) The one with middle/Xuanxi is the cabin.
The words "Ji Er" and "曩" in Example (4) (5) are adverbials, indicating time, and "中" in Example (6) are also adverbials, indicating direction. 3. There should be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
(7) Teng Zijing/relegated to Baling County. (8) Is it poisonous? (9) My father/died.
"Teng Zijing" in example (7) is a noun and serves as the subject; "ruo" in example (8) is a pronoun and serves as the subject; "my father" in example (9) is partial Phrase, as subject. 4. There should be a pause between the predicate, object and complement.
(10) The Yueyang Tower was rebuilt. (11) I try to seek/the heart of an ancient benevolent person.
(12) I will inform/report the matter to those who come here. "Yueyang Tower" in example (10) is a noun and is the object of "xiu"; "The heart of ancient benevolent people" in example (11) is a partial phrase and is the object of "qiu"; in example (12) "Yu Xiezhe" is an introductory phrase and serves as the complement of "report".
5. Pause between parallel phrases. (13) Mountain delicacies/wild asparagus.
(14) There are fertile fields/beautiful ponds/mulberry and bamboo species. The three phrases "mountain delicacies" and "wild crops" in example (13), and "fertile fields", "beautiful ponds" and "mulberry bamboo" in example (14) are all parallel phrases.
Where should you not stop? Generally speaking, there should be no pause between the following two phrases, otherwise it will affect the original meaning of the ancient text. 1. Partial phrase (15) And / the neighbor’s life / the sun is frowning.
(16) Those who have attained the truth/help more. (17) Yet the birds know the joy of the mountains and forests.
"The birth of a neighbor" in Example (15), "A Taoist" in Example (16), and "The joy of mountains and forests" in Example (17) are all partial and correct phrases. as the subject of the sentence, so they should all be read together. 2. The introductory phrase (18) is not enough/for outsiders.
(19) It is like earth and stone.
In example (18), "weiwairen" is a prepositional phrase, used as the complement of "生"; in example (19), "ru...he" is a special fixed usage, which is equivalent to "how..." Meaning, it cannot be separated and must be read together.
It is worth noting that the above are only the basic rules of pauses. They should not be applied rigidly, but should be used flexibly after correctly understanding the meaning of the sentence in conjunction with the specific context. Only in this way can the correct answer be found smoothly.
When children's interest is restored, they can open their eyes to the sun and observe the details clearly. When they see small things, they must carefully examine their textures, so there are things outside. \interest. Summer mosquitoes turn into thunder, and I personally plan to form a group of cranes dancing in the sky. Depending on where my heart is, there will be thousands or hundreds of cranes, and it turns out that they are cranes. When I look up at them, I will see that their necks are strong.
He also left mosquitoes in the plain tents, sprayed smoke slowly, and made them fly away against the smoke, creating a blue cloud and white crane view. The result was like a crane chirping in the clouds, which made him feel happy. Applause. I would often squat on the concave and convex places of the earthen wall or the clumps of grass on the flower bed, so as to be flush with the table. I would focus carefully and look carefully, seeing the grass as the forest and the insects and ants as the forest. The beasts use the convex parts of the gravel as hills and the concave ones as gullies, and their minds wander among them, enjoying themselves.
One day, I saw two insects fighting among the grass. I looked at them and the excitement was strong. Suddenly there was a huge thing, which uprooted the mountain and felled the tree. It covered a manic toad and spit out its tongue. \And\the two insects were swallowed\. When I was young, I was lost in thought and suddenly I was startled.
God is determined, catch the shrimps and toads, whip them dozens of times, and drive them away from other courtyards. 4. Sentence segmentation skills in classical Chinese texts
Sentence segmentation skills in classical Chinese texts have the following six major aspects: 1. Understand the meaning of the text based on the annotations and punctuation, and grasp the natural pauses within the sentences; 2. Master the word characteristics of classical Chinese texts (such as modern Some disyllabic words in Chinese are two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese and need to be read separately) to read the words correctly; 3. With the help of grammatical knowledge, analyze the sentence structure to read the pause correctly, a. There needs to be a slight pause between the subject and the predicate, b. In a verb-object phrase, there should be a slight pause between the verb and object. c. When the preposition and object are placed after the preposition, there should be a slight pause before it. d. When the object is placed in front, there should be a slight pause between the subject. e. There should be a slight pause before the transitional conjunction. Pause, f. Pause after taking over the demonstrative pronoun, g. Determine the pause rhythm according to the modal particles; 4. In some sentences expressing the mood of discussion, inference, and rhetorical questions, if there are words such as "husband", "gai", and "qi" in front of them, When speaking, there should be a slight pause after these words; 5. There is generally no pause for correct phrases and prepositional phrases, otherwise it will affect the main idea of ??the article; 6. Special instructions: a. Understand the ancient country names, era names, official positions, place names and people's names , to avoid pause errors, b. The pause should reflect the omitted part, c. There should also be a slight pause after the words indicating time and location.
What needs to be noted is: 1. When specifically dividing the rhythm and pauses, don’t be too trivial; 2. Don’t copy it mechanically. You must combine it with the context and read it repeatedly. Only on the basis of fully and correctly understanding the meaning of the sentence can you find the meaning. Correct stopping position. 5. Pause skills in classical Chinese
Many junior high school students do not like to learn classical Chinese. The main reason is that the teaching method is monotonous and the learning is not essential.
In fact, language learning is regular. Learning a language requires hard work and accumulation. The ancients said: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will be apparent to you."
It means that if you read it aloud repeatedly, you will be able to understand the meaning of the article. Of course, it is impossible to "read a book a hundred times" in modern society, but reading aloud is still an important method for learning classical Chinese.
Reading aloud classical Chinese texts, like modern texts, requires accurate pronunciation of characters, pauses, and reading of tone and emotion. But there are some special requirements and basic methods.
Pronunciation (1) Different pronunciation of 'Po Yin', that is, changing the pronunciation of a word to indicate changes in part of speech and meaning. For example, in "Chen Sheng Wang", "王" is pronounced wàng, which is a verb meaning to be king. (2) Different pronunciations.
For example, in "Hequ Zhili died in response", "death" is pronounced wú, which is the same as "no"; Pronounced zhǔ, the same as 'instruction'. (3) Different pronunciations of the ancient pronunciation, such as "Khan Dian Bing" in "Khan" is pronounced kèhán, and "Hao Hao Tang Tang, endless" in "Tang Tang" is pronounced shāngshāng. (4) Function words in classical Chinese should generally be read lightly, while negative adverbs \'bu\', turning conjunctions \'er\', etc. need to be read with emphasis.
Pause (1) Perceive the text content as a whole and pause well when reading. When we read classical Chinese texts, we should combine text annotations and existing punctuation marks in the text to basically understand the meaning of the sentence and the text. On this basis, we should carefully understand which words in a long sentence should be read together with which words. Perhaps they should not be read together to conform to the meaning of the sentence and the text.
This way you can capture the natural pauses inside the sentence. For example, "A doctor takes credit for being good at curing diseases" ("Bian Que Meets Duke Huan of Cai"). The meaning of this sentence in the article is: Doctors like to treat (people) who are not seriously ill, and "cure" the disease \') as (one's own) credit.
When reading aloud, you should pause after "no disease", that is, "the doctor is good and cures the disease/take credit for it", but not after "good cure". If it is read as the latter, the meaning of the sentence becomes "Doctors like to cure, and (people) who do not have serious diseases take credit as (their own)", which is difficult to understand.
(2) Understand the characteristics of classical Chinese words and pause well when reading. Some disyllabic words in modern Chinese are often two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, and their meanings are also different from modern Chinese.
In classical Chinese, two monosyllabic words must be read separately, and they cannot be mistakenly read as one word. For example, 'Can Ji Da Feng'? The snake catcher said? 'Can' is two words, which is different from the modern Chinese verb 'Can', so when reading aloud, you should pause like this. 'Can Ji' Strong wind\'.
Similarly, in "Cao GUI's Debate", "A battle can be fought" is also "A battle can be fought". (3) Use grammatical knowledge to read pauses.
On the basis of understanding the meaning of classical Chinese sentences, you can use grammatical knowledge to analyze the structure of the sentences. First, determine the words or phrases that make up the sentence, what components each plays in the sentence, and read the pauses.
1. There should be a slight pause between subject and predicate. For example: (1) The late emperor/didn’t he regard his ministers as despicable as a teacher? (2) Bodhisattva/looked at his chaos and hoped that his flag would be in ruins? Cao Sui.
Debate? (3) The weather is not as good as the right place ("Mencius Chapter 2") 2. In the verb-object phrase, there should be a slight pause between the verb and object. For example: (1) Afraid/of being attacked by enemies before and after? (2) Afraid/of failing to entrust me with the responsibility of my teacher? (3) I am willing/to entrust my ministers to revive the thief (same as above) 3. After the guest-introduction phrase When reading aloud a classical Chinese sentence pattern, there should be a slight pause in front of it.
For example: (1) Are you willing to entrust me with your duty to bring back the thieves? (2) To be appointed when the army is defeated, and to be ordered to be in danger (ibid.) (3) ) clamoring/to the east and west, jostling/to the north and south ("The Snake Catcher") 4. When reading an adverbial in advance, there should be a slight pause after it and before the subject. For example: (1) Today / Tianxia Sanfenfu "Shi Shi Biao" (3) Xiang / brother has been ill for a long time if he does not serve here? The snake catcher said? 5. Generally, there should be a slight pause before turning the conjunction.
Such as: (1) The rear wolf stops/and the front wolf comes again? Wolf? (2) People don’t know/are not persistent?
Business travel/cannot, the wall leans/leans against it \'. (6) 5. The rhymes of seven-character poems and lyrics should be pronounced with long sounds, such as "When does the bright moon appear?" Put the wine/ask/Qingtian one by one\'. 6. How to pause when reading aloud classical Chinese
Under the background of the implementation of the new curriculum standards, new changes have also appeared in the examination of classical Chinese.
That is to say, it emphasizes the test of reading ability, accumulation of transfer and application ability, language understanding ability and overall understanding of the article, instead of focusing on morphology and syntax. Pause in classical Chinese is one of the recitation abilities of ancient poetry and is also an important part of the test, which should attract the attention of candidates.
Where are the must-stop places? The grammatical structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese have many similarities. We can use the grammatical knowledge of modern Chinese to determine where pauses are needed. 1. There should be a pause after the associated words and modal particles at the beginning of the sentence.
For example: (1) Although/chickens and dogs cannot be at peace. (2) Therefore/a gentleman will not fight if he wants.
(3) The one-year-old offender died. "Although" in Example (1) and "Gu" in Example (2) are conjunctions, and "Gai" in Example (3) is a modal particle.
2. There should be a pause after the adverbial at the beginning of the sentence. (4) It’s just/the sunset is above.
(5) Those who lived with my ancestors in the past. (6) The one with middle/Xuanxi is the cabin.
The words "Ji Er" and "曩" in Example (4) (5) are adverbials, indicating time, and "中" in Example (6) are also adverbials, indicating direction. 3. There should be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
(7) Teng Zijing/relegated to Baling County. (8) Is it poisonous? (9) My father/died.
"Teng Zijing" in example (7) is a noun and serves as the subject; "ruo" in example (8) is a pronoun and serves as the subject; "my father" in example (9) is partial Phrase, as subject. 4. There should be a pause between the predicate, object and complement.
(10) The Yueyang Tower was rebuilt. (11) I try to seek/the heart of an ancient benevolent person.
(12) I will inform/report the matter to those who come here. "Yueyang Tower" in example (10) is a noun and is the object of "xiu"; "The heart of ancient benevolent people" in example (11) is a partial phrase and is the object of "qiu"; in example (12) "Yu Xiezhe" is an introductory phrase and serves as the complement of "report".
5. Pause between parallel phrases. (13) Mountain delicacies/wild asparagus.
(14) There are fertile fields/beautiful ponds/mulberry and bamboo species. The three phrases "mountain delicacies" and "wild crops" in example (13), and "fertile fields", "beautiful ponds" and "mulberry bamboo" in example (14) are all parallel phrases.
Where should you not stop? Generally speaking, there should be no pause between the following two phrases, otherwise it will affect the original meaning of the ancient text. 1. Positive phrases (15) And / the neighbor’s life / sun frowns.
(16) Those who have attained the truth/help more. (17) Yet the birds know the joy of the mountains and forests.
"The birth of a neighbor" in Example (15), "A Taoist" in Example (16), and "The joy of mountains and forests" in Example (17) are all partial and correct phrases. as the subject of the sentence, so they should all be read together. 2. Introduction phrase (18) is not enough/for outsiders.
(19) It is like earth and stone. In example (18), "weiwairen" is a prepositional phrase, used as the complement of "生"; in example (19), "ru...he" is a special fixed usage, which is equivalent to "how..." Meaning, it cannot be separated and must be read together.
It is worth noting that the above are only the basic rules of pauses. They should not be applied rigidly, but should be used flexibly after correctly understanding the meaning of the sentence in conjunction with the specific context. Only in this way can the correct answer be found smoothly. 7. How to segment sentences in ancient Chinese
It can be divided into four steps: 1. Read the full text to understand the main idea. First, you must correctly judge the style of the sentences you want to segment.
If it is a biographical article with a storyline, you must grasp its general plot, central events and the relationship between the characters; if it is an argumentative article, you must clarify the center of the article and then base it on The center further clarifies the logical relationship between the front and back. In short, before breaking the sentence, you must read the given paragraph several times to grasp the main idea of ??the chapter as much as possible.
2. Step by step, easy first and then difficult. On the basis of familiarizing yourself with the passage and grasping its meaning, first cut off the parts you are sure of, and then cut off the parts you are not sure about. Things that are easy to disconnect from this section include "Xianglu Peak", "Yaiai Temple", "Youjia Lu Mountain", "Autumn of the Eleventh Year of Yuanhe", etc.
The ones that are more difficult to disconnect include "The north peak of Jiatian Xiashan Mountain is said", "The scenery is extraordinary", "If a traveler from afar passes through his hometown", etc. For parts that are easy to break up, you can directly add slashes or punctuation; for parts that are temporarily difficult to determine, you can put them aside for final consideration.
3. Cleverly segment sentences with the help of "features". There are two main types of special words: one is verbs such as "曰" and "云", and the other is function words. Pay special attention to function words, because function words are used frequently and have strong grammatical functions. With the help of function words, they can help us segment sentences accurately.
Special words serve to break sentences, which can be summarized as follows: "曰" is followed by a colon (:) and "zai" is followed by a sigh (!), "gai" and "husband" are mostly at the beginning of the sentence, and "yu", "And", "Ze" and "Yi" are usually in the middle, "ye" and "hu" often express questions (?), "矣", "er" are followed by circles (.), "ye" and "zhe" The function indicates pause, or sentence (.)
or tease (,) as appropriate. 4. Pay attention to sentence patterns, assist in sentence segmentation, and use neat sentence patterns, such as parallelism, parallelism, or symmetry.
This form can sometimes help us segment sentences accurately. For example, in the above paragraph, "Shanbeifeng is called Xianglufeng, and Beishi is called Yiai Temple" can be broken into "Shanbeifeng is said to be Yiai Temple" based on the symmetrical sentence structure. The incense burner/Fengbei Temple is called Yiai Temple.
Extended information: Characteristics of classical Chinese: 1. Grammatical characteristics The grammatical characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly reflected in the categories of words and word order.
Generally speaking, classical Chinese has more inflections on parts of speech than vernacular. 2. Vocabulary characteristics There are great differences in vocabulary between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese.
This difference usually must be itemized in the form of a dictionary or dictionary in order to be fully expressed. However, there is one characteristic that can be observed in general: the vocabulary of classical Chinese is relatively concise.