supplement
There are obvious differences in possible complements between Qingdao dialect and Putonghua, but this is mainly manifested in affirmative sentences and interrogative sentences. In negative sentences, Qingdao dialect is basically the same as Mandarin, except that the negative adverb "no" is added before the complement. For example, "I can't move, I can't do well, I can't adapt, I can't get in." However, expressions like "I can't eat, I can't go and I can't play" in Mandarin are rare in dialects, and they are mostly expressed in the form of "I can't eat, I can't go and I can't play".
Differences in affirmative sentences between Qingdao dialect and Putonghua;
Qingdao dialect Putonghua Qingdao dialect Putonghua
(Jimo dialect) (Pingdu dialect)
Can see, can see, can speak clearly, can speak clearly.
I can go up, I have to move it, I can move it.
I can find it, I can find it, I can finish it.
If you can eat enough, you can go up, up.
Can eat, drink and drink.
Can ride and drink.
Being able to walk well makes
Can make
Okay, Mohammad.
Can be (purchased)
Differences between interrogative sentences in Qingdao dialect and Putonghua;
Qingdao dialect putonghua
Can you see or not? Can you see it or not?
Can you get up or not? Do you have to go up or down?
Can you finish it? Is that all you got to say
Does it taste good？ Cann't you eat it
Can you eat it or not?
Is it easy to buy or not? Can't you buy it?
Do you want to buy it or not?
The adverb "hen" is a commonly used auxiliary word "de" in Putonghua, as a complement to express the degree. There is no similar statement in Qingdao dialect, but an adverb is added before the adjective. For example:
Qingdao dialect putonghua
Very good. Very good.
It's terribly hot.
It's tight Very tight
It's very cold.
Prepositional phrases are often used to express directional complements in Mandarin, such as "put it on the table" and "run to the yard". In Qingdao dialect, prepositions are mostly omitted, and locative complements are placed directly behind verbs, which makes the pronunciation of verbs heavier and longer. For example:
Qingdao dialect putonghua
Throw it in the yard. Throw it in the yard.
Driving on the playground. Driving on the playground.
Wipe it for me. Wipe it for me.
Put the rice on the table, put the rice on the table.
(1) In Mandarin, a sentence has an object and a complement, and the complement is common before the object. But if the quantitative phrase is used as a complement, the object is a pronoun, and the complement should be placed after the object. For example:
I mean him.
Wait for me.
However, in Qingdao dialect, the two formats coexist. For example:
I mean him.
Wait for me.
(2) In Qingdao dialect, if the complement is "kai", it is generally put after the object. For example:
Qingdao dialect putonghua
Work and dry life
Eat and live.
Sing, sing.
Talk. talk.
In Pingdu dialect of Qingdao dialect, Putonghua has two types of sentences: "A" and "B", which are directional complement and locative complement. "A" sentence is basically the same as Mandarin, but "B" sentence is not used. For example:
Pingdu Mandarin
Type a and type b
Arrest him. Arrest him. Arrest him.
Pull him up. Pull him up. Go and pull him up.
Press him to the ground, press him to the ground, press him to the ground.
Lock him in (the house). Lock him in the house. Lock him in the house.
Although there is "B" Mandarin, it is not as common as dialects.
In passive sentences in Putonghua, the agent is mainly introduced by the word "Bei" in written language, or the word "Bei" is directly attached to the verb to express passivity. For example:
He lost the lock.
He hit the bowl.
The tree was blown down by the wind.
In spoken Mandarin, "rang" and "jiao" can be used to express passivity. In Qingdao dialect, a "jiao" is mainly used to express passivity, and different sentence patterns can be used. For example:
Tell him to unlock the lock for me.
He dropped the lock.
He dropped the lock.
I asked him to play bowling for me.
He rapped on the bowl.
He rapped on the bowl.
The tree was blown down by the wind.
The tree was blown down by the wind.
The tree was blown down by the wind.
In the passive sentence of Putonghua, the verb noun after the word "Bei" can be omitted, such as "the enemy's plot was smashed." "The clothes are dirty." Generally speaking, gerund in Qingdao dialect cannot be omitted, and there is no "lock call off". "The bowl was hit." "This tree is called blown down." Statement.
Negative passive sentences in Qingdao dialect do not need passive prepositions, and there is generally no such sentence as "the bone is not broken". For example:
Bones are not broken, cars are not hit, money is not spent, and sheep are not taken away.
Comparative sentences in Putonghua generally use the preposition "bi" to introduce the object of comparison. If negative, add the negative adverb "no" before the preposition "bi". For example:
Xiao Wang studies harder than Xiao Li.
This mountain is no higher than that one.
Qingdao dialect has its own special sentence patterns besides the comparative sentence patterns commonly used in Putonghua.
(1) Add the word "qi" after the comparative language to indicate comparison. For example:
Affirmation: He walks faster than me. He walks faster than me. )
My body has strengthened your strength. My body is stronger than yours. )
This year is better than last year. This year is better than last year. )
Negative contrast: wheat is not expensive. Wheat is not more expensive than corn. )
I don't respect you. I am no taller than you. )
He can't learn from you He doesn't study better than you. )
Question contrast: Is he taller than you? Is he taller than you? )
Is wheat (yes) not expensive? Is wheat more expensive than corn? )
His conditions are better than yours? Is he better off than you? )
Comparison of rhetorical questions: where is wheat expensive? Where is wheat more expensive than corn? )
He can learn better than you. Where does he learn better than you? )
His craftsmanship has strengthened your strength? His craft is better than yours? )
The structures of rhetorical comparative sentences and negative comparative sentences are basically the same, and the differences in their meanings are completely expressed by mood. The tone of negative comparative sentences is relatively gentle, while the tone at the end of rhetorical comparative sentences rises obviously.
(2) Comparative sentences with "catch up". For example:
Sure: He is fatter than me. He is fatter than me. )
Negative contrast: he is not as fat as me. He is no fatter than me. )
Question contrast: Did he catch up with me and gain weight? He is fatter than me? )
Contrastive rhetorical question: Is he fatter than me? He is fatter than me? )
(3) Compared with each other, the conditions of both sides are similar, but there is little difference. Whether affirmative sentences, negative sentences, interrogative sentences or rhetorical questions, words such as "similar, as if, the same and general" are often used to express them. For example:
He is as tall as you. He is as tall as you. )
These two trees seem very tall. The two trees are almost the same height. )
This road is as far as the path. This road is as far as the path. )