First, the classification of poetry
According to the way of expression, poetry can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry; According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry; According to the language, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), poems about objects, frontier poems, nostalgia poems, epic poems, farewell poems, mourning poems and love poems.
Narrative Poetry-There are relatively complete story lines, such as Shihaoguan, Carbon Man, Mulberry on the Stranger, Mulan Poetry, as well as some typical characters and typical environments, such as Peacock Flying Southeast.
Lyric poetry-mainly expresses feelings about things by borrowing scenery, that is, expresses feelings about things (that is, poems about things, which are often written by authors who have some feelings about something. ) and expressing one's will by supporting things (that is, chanting poems about things, paying attention to grasping the feelings entrusted by the author when describing things. For example, Yu Qian's Lime Lyrics: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle." I am not afraid of being crushed to pieces, but I want to leave my innocence in the world. "In the poem, lime is used as a metaphor to express the poet's determination to be loyal to the country, not afraid of sacrifice, and stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime means singing an open mind and a noble and innocent personality. )
Metaphorical poetry-characteristics: popular and natural, good at reasoning with metaphors, intriguing and interesting. Main writing:
(1) image reasoning (reasoning in the description of "scenery" or "things")-vivid, vivid and interesting.
For example, Bai Juyi's Biegu Cao (... the wildfire is endless and the spring breeze is high), Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading (how can you be so clear ...) and Su Shi's Drinking Rain on Lake Chuqing (light makeup and heavy makeup are always appropriate).
(2) argumentation and reasoning-combining argumentation with image description, using rhetorical methods such as metaphor.
Such as: Su Shi's Title of Xilin Wall (I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain)
(3) The combination of rationality and lyricism-lyrical discussion. Such as "Farewell to Vice Governor Du to be an official in Shu" (however, China has our friendship, and heaven has our neighbors) and Su Shi's "Water Tune" (people have joys and sorrows, and the moon has sunny days).
pay attention to
1. Think about poetry when you read it. The truth in the poem, such as salt dissolved in water-"the body is hidden and the taste exists, but the present phase has no phase", so we should savor it carefully.
2. The "interest" in poetry comes from itself, and its interest should be analyzed from a dialectical point of view.
3. General poetry is often combined with lyricism-lyricism. Some poems also combine discussion with narration, description and lyricism, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip (we are both unhappy-we meet each other forever. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ).)
Second, how to appreciate poetry
(1) Know people and discuss the world, understand the background, life experience, status and creative style of the poet's era, and better understand the thoughts and feelings expressed in the poem. (Pay attention to the preface and notes after the poem)
For example, Li Gang's "Sick Cow" plows a thousand acres, and there are thousands of boxes. Who is injured when you are exhausted? But all sentient beings are full and do not hesitate to lie in the sun. "
-praise the cow's personality characteristics, such as tireless illness, hard work, dedication to all beings, and nothing else. -"Support the ambition with things" to express feelings for the author by chanting cattle.
The author Li Gang was a leader of the anti-Japanese war faction across the Song Dynasty, and he made great achievements at that time. Because he was rejected by the capitulators, he was demoted many times. Sick Cow is a poem he wrote in Ezhou after the strike. The poet is exhausted, but he doesn't forget to resist gold and serve the country and miss all sentient beings. Therefore, the tired, pathetic old cow he wrote is the embodiment of the poet's image.
Poet style supplement
1. Three Cao-desolate and vigorous.
2. Tao Yuanming-a master of pastoral poetry. He resigned and retired because of "five buckets of rice don't bend his back", which showed his rebellious spirit of not colluding with the dark reality. Eulogize the pastoral scenery, compare the beautiful and simple pastoral scenery with the dark and dirty official life, and effectively expose and criticize the hypocrisy of good deeds. Participate in productive labor in person, get close to working people and praise labor. In chanting Jing He and reading The Classic of Mountains and Seas, the poet praised the fighting spirit of ancient heroes, reflected the poet's own thought of resisting the dark reality, and showed his "king kong glaring" side. It shows that he has not forgotten the reality and given up his great ideal.
3. Chen Ziang —— His poems have created a generation of poetic styles, among which Youzhou Going to Taiwan is the most famous, expressing unprecedented sadness, containing self-confidence, strong feelings, leading the trend and great loneliness that is not understood.
4. Zhang Ruo needs "Moonlit Night on a Spring River", which has strong emotion and profound philosophy.
5. Wang Changling-Poetry has a profound sense of history and an upright style, and its poetic style is vigorous and powerful.
6. Gao Shi and Cen Can-the poetic style is vigorous and extraordinary. Cen Can's frontier fortress has magnificent scenery and unrestrained characters.
7. Wang Wei, Meng Haoran-The pastoral poems of mountains and rivers show the beauty of mountains and rivers, and show the quiet and peaceful state of mind in which man and nature live in harmony. Wang Wei's poetic style is bleak and vivid, and his landscape poems have both magnificent natural scenery and elegant landscape pictures. The more common landscape poems are the combination of poetry, emotion and painting, which are beautiful and elegant, expressing the realm of Zhuang Zen. Things are me and I am things. Meng Haoran's poetic style is light and heavy, quiet and healthy.
8. Li Bai-elegant and free-spirited, uninhibited, his poems attack current politics and are cynical, expressing his thoughts and feelings of wanting to make contributions. Poetry has romantic colors, vivid and fresh images, bright colors and magnificent and unpredictable imagination; Yuefu and Gehang write like running water, and their feelings gush out. The striking feature of his landscape poems is the individuation of natural landscape. Sometimes full of the spirit of swimming and the fantasy of being born outside the dust, some landscape poems have a strong color of wandering immortals. The natural landscape is not only the place where he reposes his spirit and melts his depression, but also the world where he pursues personal freedom and liberation.
9. Du Fu-depressed, worried about the country and the people. Du Fu used realistic expression and wrote history with poems, which profoundly reflected the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty and vividly recorded the poet's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. It is called "the history of poetry" by later generations.
10. Li He-aura, melancholy and anger in poetic style. Poetry is full of the joy of youth and the sadness of life, with colorful images and dense combinations.
1 1. The great realistic poet Bai Juyi. His poems have a wide range of themes, diverse forms and simple and popular language. Qin Zhongyin and his new Yuefu attacked the darkness, criticized the disadvantages of the times, reflected people's sufferings and profoundly exposed social contradictions. He was in the middle of the Tang Dynasty.
The main advocate of the new Yuefu movement. Bai Juyi's narrative poems such as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Journey are exquisite, vivid and touching, with unique artistic style and extremely wide influence. In the theory of poetry creation, he put forward the views that "articles should be written in time" and "poems should be written for things". The poetic style is plain and fresh.
12. Du Mu-a great object-chanting poem, with a sense of history and realism integrated into beautiful natural images and infinite feelings. The poetic style is subtle and graceful.
13. Li Shangyin-The poetic style is beautiful and elegant, which opens up a hazy, beautiful and unforgettable realm.
14. Jia Dao-his poems are famous for their strangeness and preciseness, and his poetic style is desolate and sad.
15. Zhang Jiuling-euphemism.
16. Wei is fresh and elegant.
17. Han Yu-poetic style is magnificent and novel.
18. Yuan Zhen-the poetic style is gorgeous and simple.
19. Liu Yuxi-clear and clear poetic style.
20. Li Yu-the style of ci is sad and delicate.
2 1. Ouyang Xiu-beautiful ci style.
22. Fan Zhongyan-Poetic style is desolate and tragic.
23. Su Shi-broad-minded and heroic, creating a bold style of ci.
24. Liu Yong's ci style-lingering and sorrowful, is the first of its kind.
25. Huang Tingjian-the style of ci is natural and smooth.
26. Qin Guan-the lyrics are sincere and sincere.
27. Li Qingzhao-the style of words is graceful and sad, showing leisure and sadness. There is also King Kong's dazzling poem "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost hero."
28. Yang Wanli-The style of ci is fresh and lively.
29. Lu you-the poetic style is unrestrained, clear and smooth. Life "humble dare not forget the country's worries." There are also love poems and mourning poems handed down from generation to generation
30. Xin Qiji-The style of ci is magnificent. Life-long resistance to gold has become the main theme of his works. There are also idylls full of life.
3 1. Jiang Kui-Ci is exquisite and profound.
(2) Grasp the theme of poetry and the thoughts and feelings it expresses.
1. Sing an epic-use the title to play-"attack one point, not as good as the rest" on historical facts. Use concise words and selected images to integrate feelings about nature, society and history.
Thinking: historical figures or things-describing the proportion of ups and downs in ancient and modern times-expressing the main idea.
(1) Use the past to satirize the present-advise rulers to take history as a mirror, or satirize those in power who are decadent and shameless, and attack the disadvantages of the times.
2 nostalgia for the past hurts the present-lamenting the rise and fall of dynasties, lamenting the rise and fall of the past, or things are different. I feel that the years are changing rapidly, which shows the author's meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life and contains a deep sense of hardship.
(3) Expressing feelings through the past-pinning deep feelings for life. Time waits for no one, heroes die easily, express their lofty aspirations with the feelings of the ancients, or hurt their talents and have no way to serve the country, and their temples are white before they succeed.
The representatives of the epic are Liu Yuxi and Du Mu.
Pay special attention to the similarities between historical figures or events and poets' life experiences. Similarities are common in the textbooks studied. )
2. Poems about things-expressing aspirations by supporting things, chanting "inseparable" things, describing gods by shapes, taking things as my environment-writing non-material things, with the intention of writing people-writing songs expressing the beauty of things.
Thinking: Things-Emotion-Reason.
We should grasp the main characteristics of "things" in poetry (characteristics consistent with the poet's feelings)-try to figure out the metaphor and symbolic meaning in poetry.
(1) Express ambition-express the poet's ambition and emotion.
(2) borrow things to compare with people-praise or criticize a certain kind of people in society.
(3) Borrowing things for righteousness-. Advise the world of moral proverbs.
The characteristics of things are various, and the poet "only takes a scoop of water" when writing; Poets have different personalities and experiences, so they sing the same thing, and the themes of their poems may be different. However, due to cultural accumulation, different poets may express the same feeling when chanting the same "thing".
For example, Wang Bo's "Winged Wind" "Su Su is cool and beautiful, and I know all about the forest. Drive away smoke and find a stream of households, and roll the fog out of the mountain. Come and go without a trace, interesting as love. The sunset is quiet, and the sound is loose for you. " -Taking advantage of the "wind", concluding sentences to express achievements and lead poetry.
Examples of symbolic meanings of objects
Loose-stand proudly in frost and snow, resolute and strong, not afraid of difficulties, noble and upright, faithful, not flattering dignitaries. With strong winds and bright knots.
Mei-strong, noble, aloof, proud, not afraid of setbacks, dare to be the first in the world. There are also self-metaphors, which describe the unfortunate experience of being devastated and the noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow. (Lu You's Yongmei: "Scattered into mud, crushed into dust, only the fragrance remains." ) or the kind of quality that doesn't want to go with the flow (Mo Mei by Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty: "Don't praise lust, just leave the air full of dry Kun").
Bamboo-modest and vigorous, not following the crowd, not afraid of wind and frost, upright and upright, indomitable, aloof and strong.
Chrysanthemum-stand out from the crowd, strong, loyal, noble, and would rather die than change (such as "Cold Chrysanthemum" by Zheng Sixiao in Song Dynasty, "I would rather hold incense in branches than die than blow it into a hundred flowers") or the image of a hermit.
Orchids-simple and pure, uncut, have outstanding and quiet beauty. Have the beauty-like purity, gentlemanly demeanor and warrior-like spirit. It also means unshakable integrity and friendship.
However, the "Experience" (the second part) praised Lan: "Lan Ruo was born in spring and summer, and is as beautiful as He. You are alone in the forest, and Zhu has purple stems. Later that day, Feng Qiu was born. When China's age is declining, how can Fang Yi become! " The lush leaves of orchids in the first couplet and the gorgeous stems of orchids in the second couplet must be combined to say that orchids were beaten in the autumn wind, and no one understood the fatigue of orchids in the last couplet. The poet chanted for Lan and entrusted his talent and ambition.
Or go to this website I gave you, which contains a lot of knowledge about poetry appreciation.