People nowadays like to talk about literary families. Which literary family ranked first in the Tang Dynasty? The answer is simple: the emperor’s family. There were twenty-one emperors of the Tang Dynasty. Only six emperors, Xianzong, Mu Zong, Jingzong, Wuzong, Xizong and Ai, had no surviving poems. Counting from Emperor Gaozu, most people of the fourteenth generation can write poetry, which is so brilliant. Ranked second, it would be considered good to be able to cite five generations. In terms of poetic talent, the best one is of course Xuanzong, followed by Taizong, Zhongzong, Dezong, Wenzong, Xuanzong, and Zhaozong. Empress Wu is more difficult to evaluate, and it is truly certain that she wrote too few of her own works. The emperors read extensively both previous and contemporary works, which was the result of court education. Here we only discuss the emperors’ reading and evaluation of contemporary poetry.
The three generations of Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Taizong, and Emperor Gaozong were all capable of poetry. However, the founding of the country was not long ago and there were not many comments on it, so we start with Empress Wu. Volume 971 of "Wenyuan Yinghua" says, "The Minister of the Ministry of War presented a certificate to Shaobao Guo Gong on behalf of the country":
In the 18th year, he was promoted to Jinshi, and in that year he was sentenced to a higher level. At that time, everyone took pride in correcting books and correcting calligraphy. The Duke invited foreign officials alone and was awarded the title of Zizhou Tongquan Wei. As far as the county is concerned, he is informal and informal. Try to mint money and plunder the wealth of good people to help all directions, and there are tens of millions of them in the sea. When the sky heard his name, he sent a post to introduce him and talked about it until night, which was very strange. When asked about the traces of Shuzhou, it is correct but not hidden. The old text was ordered to be recorded in "Ancient Sword Song". His poem said: "Don't you see, the iron smelting in Kunwu is flying in flames and smoke, and the red light and purple gas are all impressive. A good worker has been training for a few days, and he has made a sword named Longquan. The color of Longquan is like frost and snow, and the good worker sighs and marvels. Glazed Jade The lotus flower blooms in the box, and the bright moon appears in the golden ring. Fortunately, the gentleman's body is dark and green, and the articles are not just friends with heroes, but also close to heroes. It was abandoned on the way to the ancient prison and was buried beside the ancient prison. Although it was buried and useless, it could still rise to the sky every night. It was so beautiful that it was written in dozens of books and given to scholars such as Li Qiao and Yan Chaoyin. Then he was granted the title of Youwuwei Zhoucao and Youkonghe was enshrined in it.
Guo Gong is Guo Yuanzhen (656-713), who is famous and famous for his writing. Xingzheng is a literary style in which he narrates his life's achievements after his death for historians to record. It is indeed rare for such a long poem to be recorded. According to the epitaph written by Chen Ziang for Guo's concubine Xue Yao, the time when Guo was appointed Tongquan Wei should be around the second year of Changshou (693) after Empress Wu became emperor. Guo is nearly forty years old, has not yet established his fame, and is still sinking into a subordinate official. I really feel a lot of emotion. As a local official, Guo was really "loose and unconventional". He not only made his own money, but also engaged in chivalrous conduct of robbing the rich and giving to the poor. Volume 4 of "Tang Zhayan" thinks that "more than a thousand people were robbed and sold to provide for passers-by", which is indeed too much. . However, people in the Tang Dynasty were not strict about details, and Empress Wu was even more so, so she made an exception and summoned him, and talked about it all night. The line description says that the poem is an old work of his, which should be credible. The "Tang Zhayan" says that it was an oral account, which is hearsay. This "Ancient Sword Song" uses the Longquan sword as a metaphor for itself. It is said that after being hammered by famous craftsmen for thousands of times, the color of the sword is like frost and snow, and the material is fine. However, when the world is in trouble, it has no use for its talents. At most, it can only be used as a self-defense tool for a gentleman, or even abandoned. On the roadside, his heroic spirit could never be buried. Even if he was abandoned, his sword spirit still filled the bullfighting spirit every night. Every sentence writes about swords, and every sentence writes about one's own heroic ambitions, hoping that they can be used by the world. Empress Wu knew his ambition and talent because of his poems, and tried his best to promote him. He was first appointed as an envoy to Tibet, and gradually promoted to the governor of Liangzhou. When Zhongzong became the governor of Anxi, he guarded the border for more than ten years. The four towns were peaceful, and he became a famous general of his generation. It should be noted that in the early years of Xuanzong, there was another minor poet Guo Zhen, and "Quan Tangwen" mistakenly compiled their articles together. However, in the early Song Dynasty, Guo Zhen, a hermit named Xisheng in Chengdu, "Quan Tang Poems" followed "Wan Poems". The mistake of "Queju of the Tang Dynasty" and the inclusion of his poems under Guo Yuanzhen's name are all due to his great reputation.
Zhongzong's reign was short, but his devotion to writing poems was unprecedented. In his early years, he was frightened by his mother's sexual prowess and avoided everything. After he came to the throne, his wife and daughter became so powerful that he simply took a large number of scribes to travel, write poems, and indulge in romance. He himself did not have much insight into poetry criticism, but in the following famous story, Shangguan Wan'er represents him, and it can still be listed here. Volume 3 of "Chronicles of Tang Poetry":
On the dark day of the first month of the first lunar month, Emperor Zhongzong was lucky enough to write a poem in Kunming Pond, and his ministers were asked to compose more than a hundred poems. In front of the tent hall, a colorful pavilion was built, and Zhaorong was ordered to choose a song and compose it for the new emperor, and all the ministers gathered under it. After a while, the paper fell like flying, and everyone recognized his name and cherished it. After progressing, only two poems of Shen and Song Dynasties remained. When he moved again, a piece of paper flew down, and when he looked at it, it was like a poem. After hearing his comment, he said: "The two poems are equally good in terms of their craftsmanship. The last line of Shen's poem goes: 'I am ashamed to see the decayed nature of the ministers.' The spirit of the poem has been exhausted. The Song poem goes: 'Don't worry about the end of the bright moon, you will have your own. Ye Zhu came. "Yuzhi Jianju." Shen Naifu didn't dare to fight again.
Xuanzong reigned for a long time, and his talents were also high, and anecdotes spread widely. In his early years, he admired Cai Fu's "Longchi Pian" and ordered his ministers to make peace. There are as many as a hundred works known today that he wrote while in the dynasty and the ministers responded to them. Most of them in the early period are preserved in the appendix of "Collected Works of Zhang Shuo". In the middle and later periods, it can be inferred from the poems of Zhang Jiuling, Sun Ti, and Wang Wei. . Here are two poems that he admired in his later years. One is "Fen Yin Xing" by Li Qiao. Li Deyu's "Old News of the Ciliu Family" contains:
When Jiehu broke into the palace, he suddenly reported the incident. He wanted to move to the palace, so he went back to the building to buy wine, and looked around in desolation (omitted). At that time, there were three followers of a beautiful woman who were good at singing, and one of them was asked to sing "Shui Tiao". After finishing the performance, the general left and left his family behind. The envoy looked downstairs and asked: "Is there any musician who is good at singing "Shui Tiao"?" A young man realized the above idea and said that he was quite good at singing "Shui Tiao". "Water Adjustment". Let them climb the tower and sing, and the song goes: "The mountains and rivers are full of tears, and my clothes are stained with tears. How long can we be rich and prosperous? I can't see the Fen water now, only the wild geese flying every autumn."
Hearing this, he burst into tears. The waiter asked, "Who wrote this poem?" Or he said to him: "Prime Minister Li Qiao." He said: "Li Qiao is a real talent!" "Leave without waiting for the end of the song.
The valuable thing about this record is that Li Deyu said in his own words that Gao Lishi sued Liu Fang in his later years, and Fu Jing Fangzi Liu Mian sued his father Li Jifu, so it is reliable. Li Qiao is famous in During the reign of Empress Wu and Zhongzong, Ruizhong ascended the throne and was demoted. Although he died in the early years of Xuanzong, he may not have been able to meet each other. He made a sharp turn and wrote: "Thousands of years of human affairs are in vain, and the world is home and the road is poor. Where is the heroic spirit now? The mandala and palace are covered with wormwood. The old man sighs when he is on the road, and it is impossible to recognize the loop of things in the world. In the past, there were singing and dancing in brothels, but today there are yellow thorns gathering together. "This sentiment has also been heard in Lu Zhaolin's "Ancient Meanings of Chang'an" and King Luo Bin's "Imperial Capital Chapter". Earlier, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty lamented in his "Autumn Wind Ci": "There is so much joy and so much sorrow, so young and strong. How long has it been since I was old? "At the end of Li Qiao's long song, there are a few lines that Xuanzong heard, which perfectly describe the desolation before him. Like Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xuanzong had been emperor for more than forty years. The difference was that he actually witnessed the collapse of the dynasty. In Li Qiao's poem I felt a shocking sense of ups and downs, which really hurt my heart. Before the finale, I burst into tears and left in panic.
After several attempts to suppress the rebellion, the two capitals finally recovered, and Suzong also welcomed him. It was Emperor Xuanzong who returned to the palace. Although he was courteous on the surface, when it came to power, Suzong expelled Gao Lishi and moved his father to Xinei. Xuanzong felt miserable in his later years. Volume 32 quotes "Miscellaneous Records of the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty" as follows: "Since he returned from Western Shu to Beijing, he settled in Nannei. Later, Li Fuguo reorganized and moved to the West Palace, Princess Yuzhen emigrated, and Gao Lishi came down and was exiled to Lingbiao. It can be caused by eating vegetables or using food and medicine to prevent grains. Suzong wept and remonstrated, but he could only eat one meal a day. The emperor often cherished his sorrow, but he chanted: "I carve wood and pull silk to make an old man. His chicken skin and crane hair are the same as the real one." After a while, nothing happened, and it was still a dream in life. ’” Dunhuang posthumous note S3872 may be an earlier record: “Emperor Xuanzong returned from Shu, Suzong succeeded him, and Xuanzong was named the emperor, located in Xinei. The government has been returned to the prince, and he is not independent in everything. He has been the king for forty-eight years. How can he feel at ease once he has been king? His teeth are decayed and white, his face is wrinkled and his body is weak, which is why he cut his poems to describe himself. "The poems quoted below are not repeated. Both places say that it was written by Xuanzong himself. The "Minghuang Zalu" quoted in Volume 25 of "Shihuazonggui" says that the Minghuang recited Taibai poems, which is obviously wrong. The author of this poem is Liang Kun , a little poet with few surviving poems. Li Qi's poem "Farewell to Liang Kun" said that he was unruly and unruly. He tried to join the army as a secretary at the age of 40, but he returned home because of disagreements with his words and deeds. The catalog of "Xiuji" records that his position in Tianbaochu was to hold a halberd, that is, a guard at the palace gate, or a member of the guard of honor during court meetings. In the fifth volume of "Fengshi Wenjianji", he lived for Guo Ziyi, a poet. The title of this poem written by Xuanzong in Volume 212 of "Wenyuan Yinghua" is "Kulei Ziren", the title of "Old Man Yongmu" in Volume 22 of "Chronicles of Tang Poems", and more records are titled "Old Man Ying Wood". "Puppet" or "Puppet Song". At this time, Xuanzong was over seventy years old. After running away from chaos, his mind was haggard, and he lamented the rise and fall of people. He also realized that life is like a dream, and he saw his own figure in Liang Quan's poem about puppets. . It is estimated that he often recited it in his last years, and people around him thought he composed the poem himself.
Dezong was the third longest reigning emperor in the Tang Dynasty, second only to Xuanzong and Gaozong. Like Zhongzong, he likes to travel around the mountains and rivers, but he also likes to write poems and express his feelings during the festivals of the year, and then ask the civil and military officials of the court to respond. Sometimes he also ranks the superior and inferior poems based on his appreciation of Han Hong's poem "Han Shi". You see, his appreciation level is not bad, and he has made a detailed analysis in the article in the last issue of this journal. But another poet is not so lucky. This one is Li Jilan, the number one female poet in the Tang Dynasty. Volume 1 of "Fengtian Lu":
At that time, there was a charming woman Li Jilan who wrote many poems and said many disobedient words, so she did not record them. The emperor once again attacked the capital, summoned Jilan and scolded her, saying: "You. Why not learn from Yan Juchuan's poem: "Holding the ritual vessel in hand, weeping empty, remembering the wise king and not daring to speak." '" Then he was ordered to kill him.
In one sentence, he commented on the two poems. The hero on the front is Yan Juchuan, which is recorded in the same book and volume: On October 8, the fourth year of Jianzhong, the rebel general Zhu Si died in Xuan Zhengdian ascended the throne, claiming to be the Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, and changed his name to Yingtian. The inscription on the title of emperor was written by Taichang Shaoqing Fan Xizhi. After Fan finished writing the article, he felt ashamed and committed suicide by taking medicine. He wrote a poem in response to this incident: "Sudden smoke and dust suddenly invaded the Central Plains. Since ancient times, precious roads have been facing danger. Holding the ritual vessel in hand, weeping emptyly, remembering that Mingjun did not dare to speak. Hujia chants in the garden at sunset, and the captives will be drunk in the West Garden all night long. It is said that Feng Feng has no masters for thousands of miles, and no one has received the favor of Han in successive generations. "It was because he felt about Fan's death, and even expressed that although he was unable to resist the rebels, he felt that Tang En was so powerful that he could only cherish the Tang Emperor and dare not declare it. Yan's life is still not clear, only from the volume of "Wenyuan Yinghua" One of his provincial examination poems was collected in 189, and it is known that he was a Jinshi. His official position and subsequent fate during the Jianzhong Rebellion are unknown.
The person who caused Li Jilan's death is unknown. Shang Zhusi's poem "Too many words are rebellious" was unexpectedly found in the Russian-Tibetan Dunhuang document Дх.3865 in recent years. The full text is as follows: "What happened to the old dynasty? Xie Chengchao, the wood virtue □ sky fire □ disappeared. Nine disciples returned to Xia Yu, and the gods from all directions helped Yao. Ziyun holds the Tuanxiao Han, and the red bird holds the book and crosses the wild goose bridge. Hearing the Tao, the universe is nourished, and all living beings will not be at ease.
"The content is very simple. It is a complimentary song after the change of dynasty. Perhaps because Li Jilan was so famous, the rebels asked her to write poems to promote themselves. It was widely circulated. It not only reached the ears of Dezong, but also had a manuscript in Dunhuang many years later. . As for Dezong's intention to kill Li, and Li's true inner thoughts during his rebellion, there is also reliable evidence in another Dunhuang text published in the seventh volume of "Tang Studies", "Tang Cai Shengfeng" Yao Chi. "New Odes" and "Re-Study", based on the Russian Tibetan documents Дх.6654 and 3861, the fragments of "Yaochi Collection" are preserved. Firstly, Li Jilan re-edited the poem "You are ordered to pursue your old husband in Guangling and leave Guangling", knowing that Li You was summoned by the imperial order. The experience in the palace was probably in the early days of Dezong, so Dezong and she knew each other before the rebellion. Dezong could also think that he was kind to her, and she should not betray me. The second one is "Sending a Traitor to Her Old Husband". The discovery of a poem: “On the green hills every day, I never saw my old husband. The ancient poem has clear and rambling language, teaching the concubine to pick wormwood. The drums and drums are noisy under the city, and the flags are flying in the corners of the seats. Being pale and yellow before you die does not mean cherishing your small body. "There are only two sentences in the surviving documents: "The drums are noisy under the city, and the flags are flying in the corner." Now that we have seen the whole poem, we can know that this poem is actually the same work she wrote as Yan Juchuan. Li Jilan said that he was trapped in the rebel camp , there are drums and flags everywhere, how can you decide to advance or retreat by yourself? Things are happening in a hurry, but you can't do it, but you still have your old husband in mind, and you always hope to return to your side. The poetry is subtle, but the meaning is clear. , It's a pity that Dezong didn't see it.
There is an anecdote about Wenzong, which can be found in "Wenzong Ji", Volume 17, of "Old Tang Book":
[Nineth year of Yamato]. On the first day of the twelfth lunar month in the winter, on the first day of the lunar month, I came out of Qujiang to build the Caixia Pavilion of Ziyun Tower. Qiu Shiliang, the lieutenant of the left army, greeted him at the Yintai Gate. When I was tired of the work, I dredged the Kunming and Qujiang ponds. The best poem was written in Du Fu's "Qujiang Journey": "The palace at the head of the river has thousands of doors, and the thin willows and new cattails are green for whom?" "I knew that Tianbao had already moved forward. There were palaces, terraces, and offices on all sides of the Qujiang River. I thought about the story of Shengping, so I built towers and palaces to make them stronger.
This incident happened one day before the Ganlu Incident. Of the two figures mentioned, Zheng Zhu was the key figure in planning to kill the eunuchs, and Qiu Shiliang was the leader of the eunuchs. Before the decisive battle, all parties used trivial matters to express their positions and accumulate strength. The whole story was Zheng Zhu. It is said that there will be disasters in the Qin Dynasty, and earthworks, such as building buildings and dredging ponds, can be added to quell the disaster. A new Ziyun Tower was built in Qujiang. Among them, the plaque of Caixia Pavilion was written by Wenzong himself, and Qiu Shiliang arranged a hundred plays to welcome it. It is estimated that because of the construction, Wenzong visited Qujiang several times. When he saw the current scenery, he thought of the description in Du Fu's poem. It has changed a lot after eighty years, so he recited two lines from Du Fu's poem called "Thinking of Fu". "Story of Peace", the history and literature describe the scenery of the palace and garden, but the more moral meaning is Wenzong's attempt to strengthen the imperial power and return to the ideal of opening up the world. The Du poem quoted is the famous "Aijiangtou":
< p> Shaoling Ye Lao swallows his voice and sneaks into the winding river in spring. The palace at the head of the river has thousands of doors, and the thin willows are green. Who is the first person in the Zhaoyang Palace to see the colors in the garden? The chariot is waiting for you. There is a man in front of the chariot with a bow and arrow, and the white horse is chewing the gold. He turns to the sky and shoots the clouds. Where are the bright eyes and white teeth? The blood-stained soul wanders eastward. The sword pavilion is deep, and there is no news about each other. Life is full of love and tears, and the rivers and flowers are all over the city at dusk.This is quoted as a sequel to "Gu Yi Series". "Photocopied the text of the Song version of "Du Gongbu Collection". The inscription "Qujiang Xing" seen by Wenzong may be based on the rewritten text of Du's poems entered into Yuefu. This poem was written in the spring of the following year when Xuanzong entered Shu to avoid the Anshi Rebellion. In the spring of the second year of Emperor Suzong's reign (757), Du Fu was trapped in the city of Chang'an occupied by the Anshi rebels, and came to the Qujiang area again by fate. Reading "Beauty's Journey", we can know that Du Fu often used the name "Passenger Jia" in the late Tianbao period. "" identity, observing the luxurious and domineering Yang brothers and sisters. Xuanzong lived in Xingqing Palace every day, but he often liked to travel south to Qujiang via the double road. In peacetime, Du Fu liked to watch the excitement, but could not get close to observe. After the chaos, many years later, Qujiang It was almost deserted, so Du Fu could take a closer look and recall the past. This poem was the first poem about the Mawei Incident. It was written just over half a year after the incident. Du Fu wrote about the grand occasion when Xuanzong took his concubine on a trip, and the words were pun-intended. "Turn over and shoot towards the sky, shoot the clouds, one arrow is hitting the two flying wings", the transition from prosperity to chaos is completed in a hurry, without a word the responsibility of the concubine's wandering for causing the incident is revealed, and in the second half, the concubine's behavior is lamented. The poem is not long and does not contain heated discussions, but it contains infinitely deep emotions. This poem was widely circulated in the Tang and Song dynasties, so much so that Su Zhe wrote "Five Things About Poetry". Comparing this poem with Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", I think Du Fu is more like a monarch and a minister, far superior to Bai's poem.
There are many legends about Xuanzong, especially the story that he traveled around and met famous monks before he came to the throne. Most people are suspicious. After Xuanzong established the Ten Kings Court, the kings were prohibited from making friends with foreign ministers. They didn't even have freedom of movement, so how could they wander around? However, in modern times, an epitaph was unearthed for the Qiu family in his harem when he was in power. Qiu gave birth to a daughter and a son for him. He died at the age of twenty-four, and his status was very low. "My sorrow will last forever" (Part 055 of "Compilation of Epitaphs of the Tang Dynasty"). Calling me instead of me is a pain for men and women in the world. This emperor is indeed special. After Bai Juyi's death, he wrote a poem to express his condolences: "For sixty years, who taught me how to become a poetry immortal? The floating clouds are not named Juyi, but the inaction of good fortune is named Lotte."
The boy can interpret "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", and Hu'er can sing "Pipa Chapter". The article has been widely read, making me miss you and feel sad. "(Volume 15 of "Tang Yan") especially praises Bai Juyi's two long poems "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and "Pipa Introduction", although the former focuses on the romantic stories of royal seniors. Volume 45 of "Poetry Talk" quotes this poem , wrote "Bai Letian passed away, and people mourned him with poems", Huang Lou's "A Collection of Poems of Tang Xuanzong - Also Discussing the Origin and Evolution of the Theory of Xuanzong's Escape as a Monk" (published in "Historical Materials of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties" Series 26) Based on this, I suspect that the poem may not have been written by Xuanzong, and there is no strong evidence. The two poems are too famous, so I will not expand on them.
Although there are also Later Tang and Southern Tang in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, in terms of lineage. It has nothing to do with the Tang Dynasty. Most of the founding emperors came from rough backgrounds. Once they became Tongxian, they were willing to cultivate their descendants according to the model of literary aristocrats. The three masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Fourteen Kings of Wuyue had the best achievements. Among the emperors, the one with the most literary temperament was Li Cunxu, Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty. He had a strong desire to perform, and it would not be an exaggeration to call him the "Chinese Nero". His best work is "Recalling the Immortals": "I once feasted in the deep cave of Taoyuan. A clear song and dancing phoenix. I always remember that when I wanted to say goodbye, I went out with tears to see each other off. Like a dream, the waning moon is full of falling flowers and smoke. "The original meaning of the Ci Pai is so charming that it is hard to let it go. Su Shi admired it and suggested changing the Ci Pai to "Rumeng Ling". Zhuangzong did not leave any record of commenting on the work. Mingzong was born in the military and was able to live in Dabao by chance. , very self-aware, it is said that he often prayed late at night, hoping that the destined emperor would come to the world. Zhao Kuangyin was really born in those years. I don’t know whether it was true or a fabrication by the Song Dynasty. Emperor Mingzong commented on Nie Yizhong’s "Old History of the Five Dynasties". Volume 126 of the "Feng Dao Biography" records: "The sky is growing and prospering, the world is in trouble, and the court is fine. Every time Emperor Mingzong visited Yanying, he stayed to visit foreign affairs. Tao said: "...Your Majesty, please do not indulge yourself in pleasure and work conscientiously because of Qing Yan's ripeness. This is what I hope you will do." ’ Ming Zong was deeply aware of this. The next day, he asked again: "Although the world is familiar, will the people be helped?" ’ Tao said: ‘The more expensive the grain is, the more hungry the farmers will be, and the less valuable the grain will be, hurting the farmers. This is common sense. I recall the poem "Shang Tian Jia" by Nie Yizhong in modern times: "Selling new silk in February, selling autumn grain in May. Healing the sores under the eyes, gouging out the flesh of the heart. I hope that the king's heart will turn into a candle of light. No." The Qiluo Banquet is illuminated, and the Fugitive House is partially illuminated." Mingzong said: "This poem is very good. ’ He suddenly ordered his ministers to record it and make fun of it every time. "Bai Juyi wrote New Yuefu and said in his own words, "But the song caused people's diseases, and I hope the emperor will know it." It is not known whether the emperor read it. Mingzong sincerely hoped to understand the sufferings of the people, and Feng Dao's timely suggestion made Nie Yizhong's poem This poem was introduced. When Nie Yizhong wrote the poem, it was around the time of Yi and Xi in the late Tang Dynasty, about sixty years after Mingzong reigned. But people's livelihood was difficult. In what era was it not like this? The new silkworms had not yet spun silk, and the autumn harvest in May was far from coming, but the farmers hurriedly sold it at a low price in order to survive. The words "healing the sores under the eyes, but cutting out the flesh of the heart" were deeply touched, and he not only praised "this." "The poem is very good", and was written into text, hung in the palace, and often recited. Mingzong reigned for seven and a half years, which was the most stable period in the troubled times of the Five Dynasties. On Mingzong's birthday in the fourth year of Changxing, the lay monk Yunbian sang in front of Mingzong: "Every time I think about Tian's family being busy all year round, I always have a warehouse full of support. The hair on the temples is just dyed white, and the wheat is turning yellow towards the middle of the field. In the evening, when the sun shines on me, I return to my distant home, and the orioles sing in the trees to clear up wasteland. The farmers' hard work is seen by the government, and the income is left to the Iraqis' own discretion. " is a tribute to his concern for farming.
There are three queens among the ten monarchs. The best in literature is Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the best in politics is Meng Chang, the queen of Shu. The one who is not good at all is Wang Yan, the lord of the former Shu Dynasty. It is said that Wang Yan really has a good background. Although his father Wang Jian was born in the military, he has special interests in literature and music. There are stone sculptures of him in the underground palace of Chengdu Yongling Museum, and he wrote Xiao prose. Wang Yan came to the throne as a young man, and his behavior was absurd. His mother saw it and left a record: "I taught Gong E to play ball, and the jade saddle first crossed the willow waist." Going up to the shed, knowing that it is recognized by the officials, wins the first place. "The emperor loves to parade in the east of the garden, and the flower embankment on the bank rests on the blue stream." People in the Protestant faith shoot ducks, and the leader circles the head of the pond with his bow and arrows. "His character is that he likes gambling and traveling. There are entertainment activities during the parade. The volume of "Shu 梼杌" contains: "On the Double Ninth Festival [in the fifth year of Qiande], he held a banquet for the ministers in Xuanhua Garden until midnight. Yan sang Han Cong's "Liu Zhi Ci" and said: "Liang Yuan's Sui embankment has been empty, and ten thousand embankments still carry the old spring breeze." Nakan even thought about the thousand-year-old thing, who saw Yang Hua enter the Han Palace. ’ Song Guangpu, the chamberlain, chanted Hu Zeng’s poem and said: ‘The king of Wu relied on his dominance and abandoned his talents, and was greedy for Gusu’s drunken fermented rice. Unexpectedly, the Qiantang River went up to the moon, and Vietnamese troops were sent to the west overnight. ’ Yan was unhappy after hearing this, so he stopped the banquet. "Wang Yan sang the song himself, and what he sang was "Liu Zhi Ci" written by Han Cong, a poet during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong and Yizong of the Tang Dynasty. The content was about the past events of the weeping willows on the Sui embankment in Bianzhou. Han's poem said that the Liang Garden of King Liang Xiao of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty All the prosperity of Sui Embankment has passed, and only the thousands of willow trees in Sui Embankment are still dancing in the spring breeze. How can we recall the past thousands of years? Who can still imagine the prosperity of that year? The content is already very sad and unimagined. It was Song Guangpu, a great scholar with some knowledge of literature and ink, who then sang a more powerful song "Gusu Terrace" from Hu Zeng's "Ode to Epic", which directly wrote that King Wu Fu Chai relied on his strength and was greedy for drinking and enjoying all day long. Unexpectedly, the King of Yue Gou Jian led his troops to attack, but he was defeated and the country was destroyed. I don't know whether Song Guangpu deliberately sang this to remind Wang Yan to care about state affairs, or whether he accidentally poked Wang Yan's pain point and made Wang Yan extremely unhappy, so he stopped the banquet and returned to the palace. Of course, this record has some meaning, but it also shows that even if the ruler lives a luxurious life, there is always an untouchable string in his heart. Can all this last for a long time? These two poems happened to talk about Wang Yan. sore spot.
Yelv Deguang, Taizong of Liao Dynasty, also has a record of reading Du's poems. "Bird Names" in the volume of "Qing Yi Lu": "Yelü Deguang entered the capital and heard the sound of cuckoos in the spring. He asked Li Song: 'What is this?' Song said: 'Cuckoos.' Du Fu's poem in the Tang Dynasty said: There are cuckoos in Xichuan. There are no cuckoos in Dongchuan. There are no cuckoos in Yun'an. There are also cuckoos in Jingluo. 'Deguang said: 'In the vast world, a bird can be born wherever it wants to be born. The so-called "viewing freedom" in the Later Jin Dynasty was the third year of Kaiyun (946), and in the Liao Dynasty it was the tenth year of Huitong. Shi Jingtang, the founder of the Jin Dynasty, gained Khitan support by ceding the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, destroyed the Later Tang Dynasty, and established the Later Jin Dynasty. However, after his son Shi Chonggui succeeded to the throne, he fell out with the Khitan and fought with each other for several years. The Khitan won and sent troops to Bianjing. In the spring of the next year, Yelu Deguang heard the sound of cuckoos and wondered whether it was good or bad, so he asked Li Song, a minister of Jin Dynasty. Li Song cited Du Fu's poems to answer. Deguang seemed not familiar with Du Fu's poems, but he quoted the Buddhist scripture "Guan Zizi" to interpret it, which was quite good. Wonderful. It should be noted that in the later Jin Dynasty, there was an official edition of Du Shi's poems in the second year of Kaiyun, which was the earliest printed record of a personal collection. It must have been read by many people at that time. The follow-up text of Du Fu's poem is: "The cuckoos are coming in late spring, and they are mourning. I often worship again, and it is the soul of the ancient emperor." It contains the feeling of national subjugation. "Ling Er San Ce, Chen Fu Du Juan pays homage to the poem again" refers to this poem. Fortunately, no one understood it at the time.
The above introduces the stories of the reading and evaluation of more than ten Tang poems by the emperors of the Tang and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Emperors are a very special group of writers and readers of Tang poetry. They are ranked ninth and fifth, they are superior, their words are classics, and they shock the government and the public. At the same time, they are also ordinary members of all readers, with their own joys and sorrows in life, and their own stories. Feel the same.
Introducing their reading experience, I believe it will inspire people today to read and understand Tang poetry!
(Author’s affiliation: Department of Chinese, Fudan University)