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Tang poetry and Song poetry can be said to be the ultimate beauty of our China literature, but why are Tang poetry and Song poetry beautiful? It should be said that we have never been very clear. Many anthologies and numerous comments in ancient China tell us which poems are beautiful, but never tell us why. Today, there are some views that poetry or literary works are a kind of formal beauty and pure formal beauty. I don't completely deny this view, but I think if it is formal beauty, it should also be the externalization of our national mind, that is, a formal beauty of our culture, a formal beauty after cultural externalization. Why would I say that? Next, I will select several basic propositions of traditional culture related to Tang poetry and Song poetry, and appreciate some popular poems from the perspective of culture and the structure of our national mind.
The first problem is the awakening of tragic consciousness and the pursuit of spiritual home. Cultural Appreciation of Chen Ziang's "Climbing the Ancient Platform in Youzhou" There is no doubt that any mature nation and any mature culture must have a mature sense of tragedy. There is no doubt that the Chinese culture is a mature culture. Then our culture also contains rich tragic consciousness, and a culture without tragic consciousness should be said to be rigid. The classics that have been truly passed down through the ages in history are of trans-generational significance. What is a classic? Classics are things that are never out of date, such as Chen Ziang's "Climbing the Ancient Terrace of Youzhou", which transcends time and space. Today, we don't talk about how Chen Ziang came to this place in Jixian with Wu Youyi's Northern Expedition, and came to this place in Zhuozhou today. We think about the ancient history, that is, the history of Zhao Yan and Wang Gaojian's Huang Jintai's thirst for talents, and how he was frustrated, and then wrote "Deng Youzhou Ancient Taiwan" and so on. We don't say this question, even if we don't say it, we will still feel a strong shock when we recite it. Even if we have a detailed understanding of the historical background of Chen Ziang's writing this poem, it is also a great limitation to our artistic perception. Why? Because Chen Ziang's "Climbing the Ancient Platform in Youzhou" has transcended that specific historical background, students can think about it. Before me, where were those lost years? Behind me, where is the next generation? . What does this mean? Whenever you recite, you will feel a sense of emptiness, helplessness and helplessness. In the west, people often say helplessness. In fact, the most helpless people should be China people. I speak from a cultural point of view. Why? Where were those lost times before me? Behind me, where are the future generations? The ancients didn't help you build your value at all, and later generations didn't help you build your value at all, so this is the emptiness of value. This is to face up to the truth of your life. When you face up to the truth of your life, you will have a sense of tragedy, which is the awakening of tragic consciousness. The awakening of tragic consciousness is only the premise of value establishment. You have inquired about your own value, which is the beginning of the establishment of value, so this is the awakening of tragic consciousness.
This situation often appears in China's classical poems. If you open 300 Tang Poems and Selected Poems of Song Dynasty, you will encounter similar sentences if you just flip through them. These sentences all express the same basic matrix in different ways, different images and different contexts, which is the matrix of our traditional culture. Poems like this go straight to the softest and most fragile place in your heart, which makes you most moved. So what are the next two sentences? That is, "I miss heaven and earth, and there is no limit, and I am lonely and tearful." Just now I talked about the tragic consciousness of China culture. In addition to exposing people's survival dilemma, its biggest feature is to try to bridge people's survival dilemma. What do you mean by bridging? Simple solution, when the gap divides you into this shore and makes you unable to reach the other shore, it builds a bridge for you, that is, it points out a way to solve practical problems, which is called bridging. If we set up this gap for you, then this is called the unity of persistence and transcendence, the unity of this shore and the other shore. How can we be unified? You see, before me, where are those lost times? Behind me, where is the next generation? My personal life is short and there may be no hope, but isn't it completely hopeless? No, he immediately showed you a way out. "I miss heaven and earth, and there is no limit, no limit." What is "leisure"? You are eternal, which means endless. This is why I thought of "I think of heaven and earth, and there is no limit", from which I realized that there is an eternal world besides my hopeless life. What is heaven and earth? Heaven and earth is heaven, what is heaven? Heaven is a basic truth that human nature is sublimated. It can be simply said that I am hopeless, I am limited, but it lies in my kind of heaven and humanity, and it is infinite. As long as I integrate my limited life into the infinite heaven, then I can get eternity with this infinite heaven at the same time. We have a saying called "integrating limited life into infinite service for the people", which illustrates this consciousness, but what we want to point out here is that this integration into eternal heaven is actually a transcendence at the expense of self, individual or pay. It is a realistic way out, but this realistic way out is not a simple personal emotional life, nor is it a simple continuation of the individual. This is beyond the individual. What is personal transcendence? For example, when you are very young, what you don't understand, at this time you have no value beyond. When you know how to give a candy to your parents, grandparents, you will sacrifice a candy yourself. Sacrificing one's own candy and paying the price of one candy is the transcendence of one candy. This is personal transcendence, and this is the value you gain. This is a basic starting point for the construction of mainstream cultural values in China. Therefore, "I think of heaven and earth, and there is no limit, no limit." In fact, what is integrated into the leisure world is the individual of self, which can be said to be a kind of disappearance, and at the same time, it has gained a higher sublimation in this disappearance.
As for whether we agree with this view now, I don't insist, but it must be the mainstream culture in ancient China. In fact, when we call individualism today, these things must be in each of us, otherwise you won't be so moved when reading this poem. Why? This is the nobleness of human nature. I often say that people are born noble, and nobility lies in the innate natural impulse to surpass themselves. So what's the last sentence? I was alone, and my tears fell. Why did he cry? It is a kind of emotion after he found the value, full of tragic consciousness. Why? He understood, alas, where were those lost times before me? Behind me, where is the next generation? Personally, I may have no hope, but as long as I sacrifice myself and dedicate my life to a leisurely paradise, I can get eternity. But after all, he is a kind of dedication, which means his own contribution. So this contribution is a kind of tears with tragic meaning, as I said just now. And I shed tears alone. He is a kind of touch after people have gained the value awakening, but this touch is by no means cheap. So don't look when I say the poem "boarding the ancient platform in Youzhou". It has only four sentences. It actually shows a matrix of our traditional culture, that is, it shows the deepest things in each of us that you can't feel at ordinary times. Only when you read this can you wake up.
The second problem, the alienation and affinity between heaven and man, is one of Du Fu's Eight Mountaineering Poems. What is the alienation and affinity between heaven and human nature? We in China have no external God, but we have a paradise. What is heaven? Heaven is not mysterious at all. Heaven is the basic ethics of human beings. With the strengthening of the basic social order, it has been strengthened to such a height. What does the alienation and affinity between heaven and human nature mean? That is to say, in real life, heaven is always higher than human nature, and human nature can never reach heaven, which means it is impossible to overlap with heaven and surpass it. God provides a direction for mankind and is a force to guide human development, so this is alienation. Don't think this alienation is meaningless, its significance lies in providing us with a paradise higher than human nature, so that we can continue to pursue it. At the same time, there is an affinity between human nature and heaven. This affinity means that heaven comes from human nature and has to return to human nature at the same time. But it's still about humanity. It is not a simple repetition, but a transcendental return, which is the alienation and affinity between heaven and human nature. In the whole traditional culture, including everyone in China now, I still refer to China people in the sense of traditional culture. If you still have traditional culture in your heart, then we may refer to you, including everyone now.
So how does Du Fu express the alienation and affinity between heaven and man in these two poems? We read his "Up the Mountain", which wrote: "In the sharp wind from the vast sky, apes are sobbing, birds fly home on clear lakes and white beaches, leaves fall like the waves of waterfalls, and I watch the long river always roll forward. I have come to 3,000 miles away. This autumn is sad, and I have been suffering for a hundred years. I have climbed this high alone, and my bad luck is cold and frosty, and my heart is tired of wine and dust. " Look at the first couplet, the sentence is abrupt. It can be said that if the hurricane comes from outer space, the whole poem will be shrouded in a gloomy and tragic atmosphere at once, and at the same time it will show what Confucianism calls vigorous popularity. Of course, its basic emotional appeal is extensive and profound. Since Yan Yu in the Song Dynasty, we have always used four words to summarize the artistic characteristics of Du Fu, the poet sage, that is, depression and frustration. But no one has ever explained the cultural meaning of depression and frustration. From the perspective of traditional culture and culture, depression refers to his strong tragic consciousness. And frustration is on the basis of this strong tragic consciousness, through this difficult process, to go beyond this tragic consciousness, which is frustration. Culturally speaking, depressed and frustrated basically means this.
Zhuan Xu said that leaves fell like the spray of a waterfall, while I watched the long river roll forward. I think this poem is everyone's favorite. Then this poem is actually the same as Chen Ziang's "Climbing the Ancient Terrace of Youzhou". "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall", each of us is actually just a tree and a leaf on the bank of the Yangtze River. How long can a tree live? How long can a leaf live? Therefore, for the rolling Yangtze River, for the endless Yangtze River, it can be said to be insignificant, and it should be said that there is no hope and no value. But as long as you integrate the boundless falling wood into the rolling Yangtze River and integrate it with the rolling Yangtze River in spirit, then you will get eternity. You should not only think that you are a fallen leaf and worthless, but also see the rolling and endless Yangtze River. This not only points out the tragic dilemma for us, but also provides us with a way out. The following two sentences are the following two couplets, which are actually an explanation of the above two couplets: "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I always roll forward when I look at the long river." Say, "I came from three thousand miles away. This autumn is sad and bitter for a hundred years. I have climbed this high alone. Bad luck has frosted my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " These four sentences, in the eyes of today's readers, are tasteless. But if you go deep into Du Fu's mind with the growth of age and experience, especially through ups and downs and difficult current affairs, you will find these four poems of Du Fu really depressing and painful. But in the midst of depression and pain, what is there? This also shows a kind of heroism. Why? Because there is a tone similar to "and I see the long river always rolling forward". The last four sentences are actually a kind of transcendence, and this transcendence is not cheap. Why? Bitterness, bitterness, hatred, this kind of bitterness, bitterness, is a step across. What is the main performance of this poem? It mainly shows the alienation between human nature and heaven. There is no affinity here. As I said, one of the greatest characteristics of China culture or China's tragic consciousness is the unity of this shore and the other shore, the unity of persistence and transcendence, and the unity of metaphysics and metaphysics. In other words, there is both alienation and affinity in this poem. But the most important thing in this poem is the alienation between human nature and heaven. Look at "apes whimper in the high wind in the wide sky, birds return on the white sand in clear lake", and it can be seen that this kind of day is high above, and it is difficult for people to achieve it. Of course, there is also a song "And I see the long river always rolling forward", which shows a kind of affinity based on alienation. So, is there no affinity in his poems? Yes, that's the first of the eight famous poems in autumn, "Gao Yulu withers maple trees, and Wushan martial arts is miserable. Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog. Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat. Cold clothes push knives everywhere, and Baidicheng is in a hurry. " I don't know how to express this sentence, "Dew and dew wither and hurt maple trees", which is one of my favorite poems by Du Fu. In this poem, you can see that the autumn frost has turned into dew. You came in autumn. You want everything to wither. You want to cool everything. But in the eyes of the benevolent people who are in harmony with heaven and earth, this kind of beauty is refreshing. You see, autumn frost has turned into dew. Therefore, in this sentence, I can prove the affinity between human nature and heaven. In order to be a unity of man and nature, personality must reach a very high level. What kind of level? Reach the realm that can contain heaven and earth. Confucius said, "Sixty is pleasant to the ear, and seventy is satisfactory." Sixty is sweet. What is sweet? When I hear everything, I am an obedient ear. Say is it possible? Maybe. That is to say, the realm of personality has reached the point where it can cover all foreign affairs. In his view, any language, anything, is a kind of spiritual resources, enriching him and developing him will do him no harm. This is called obedience, and this is called matching heaven and earth with virtue. Therefore, in the eyes of heaven and earth, autumn frost turns into dew. As for the following "Wushan Martial Arts is in a rage", as for the following "There are rough waves between the rivers and the sky, and clouds cover the fog." This is not only not as heavy and dignified as Li He's poem "Dark clouds crush the city to destroy it, but the light scatters the sun". Not only does it not have that feeling, but it makes people feel the poet's grand verve. Why? There is already the first sentence, "Dew dew withers maple trees". No matter how difficult and bleak autumn is, no matter how difficult and dangerous the natural environment is, it is tolerable. Therefore, these two gloomy poems are not heavy at all here. They can only show the grand charm of the lyrical subject and are the affinity between human nature and heaven. He said, "Cong Ju will cry another day, and being alone is the heart of hometown." When Du Fu wrote this poem, he was in the martial arts, and he thought of Chengdu. He came to the martial arts from Chengdu and blossomed everywhere in Chengdu and martial arts. Tears of another day, one day in the future, at some time in the future, when I think of today's scene, I will be moved to tears because of it. This is called "tears will bloom two flowers another day". The problem is the following sentence, "A lonely boat is the heart of hometown". At this moment, a lonely boat appeared. Where is the solitary boat tied? It is tied to the soul of hometown, that is to say, the wanderer misses his hometown. The key is the last sentence, "Cold clothes urge knives everywhere, and Baidicheng is in a hurry." This couplet is the feeling of a thousand lights. "Cold clothes urge knives everywhere." Autumn is coming, we need to make cold clothes and push the knife ruler. "Baidicheng is in a hurry", and the sound of playing cloth at night is ringing. This is a scene of fireworks. Don't underestimate this human scene. "Dewdrops wither and hurt maple trees" is precisely from the above perceptual and inclusive paradise, returning to human nature. It starts from the sky and ends with people. Heaven and man are integrated to form a complete cycle. And this cycle is not a simple repetition, but a transcendence cycle, a transcendence affinity. In reality, we have achieved such an affinity from heaven to man or from man to heaven, and then from heaven to man. When you finish reading this poem, your mind will be comforted. Why? Your whole spiritual course of value construction has gone through. This is what I want to say about the alienation and affinity between human nature and heaven, which is also the depression and helplessness of Du Fu's poems.
The third problem is to highlight the cultural and psychological structure of the nation. Appreciation of Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, Mink Head, When is the Moon? Any excellent poem is the most concise expression of our national feelings. Only by digging out the national feelings behind it can we truly feel the true meaning of this poem. You are a historical figure of Niannujiao, nostalgic for the past in Chibi, and a romantic figure through the ages. To the west of the old base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once. Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan black silk scarf, thick between jokes. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. The world is like a dream, and a bottle is still on the river. "If you let the students tell the truth of the word, ok? He has doubts. It's really embarrassing to say nothing. It's not good to say, but I'm afraid others' jokes will be low. In fact, from the real point of view, the so-called language is hard to accept. What do you want the child to recite? Recite "such a bright line at the foot of my bed, will there be frost?" Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home. " It is easy for him to recite this. You should let him recite the river of no return, the romantic figure of the ages. These three sentences are ok. "On the west side of the old base, humanity is the red cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms." He will ask you if you want me to say cross talk in the future. Walking around like this is boring. Think back to Gong Jin. When Xiao Qiao first got married, she was a hero. What are these? There are really not many poems, but why are they eternal nouns? Because it coincides with the psychological process of our national culture. "The river of no return is a romantic figure through the ages". This sentence summarizes the course of our nation from the rise of heroic dream to the disillusionment of heroic dream. Why do you say that? We in China have no external transcendental values, that is, there is no God. However, there is an inherent transcendental value concept, which, in general, is not just a simple spiritual accomplishment. We should also make contributions to society by being heroes, so each of us has a heroic dream.
But in the face of the rolling Yangtze River, you will see how valuable heroes are in this historical development process. When you face the Yangtze River, you will feel the smallness and helplessness of the hero. Why? Then you can see how many heroes there are at a time. Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan nylon scarf, strong between jokes. "Even in the face of young heroes like Zhou Yu, we will feel insignificant compared with the Yangtze River. Therefore, only by integrating your life into the infinite Yangtze River can you gain value. What do you mean? That is to say, romantic figures through the ages, your personal love, every individual, are almost worthless and meaningless. Only when you dedicate yourself to the individual and integrate the individual into the torrent of the Yangtze River can you achieve eternity. This is the meaning of "the great river east goes to the waves to wash away". What's the point of so many romantic characters? When you read this poem, did you think that even if I became a big official and made a lot of money, I would be wiped out by the Yangtze River? Don't you think this poem is pale in front of your simple and superficial heroic dream? As soon as you read this poem, you will be shocked by what you have been fighting for for for many years. Why? " The waves are exhausted, and the romantic figures of the ages are exhausted. What's more, you can't join the ranks of romantic figures? Besides, throughout the ages. So you immediately pushed down the values you originally established naturally without asking and awakening the tragic consciousness. So this is the disillusionment of the heroic dream, but it also tells you another way out. The way out is that you must believe in "and I think the long river always rolls forward", you must believe in "thinking about heaven and earth", you must "think about heaven and earth without boundaries", and you must integrate your life into the Yangtze River. This is the essence of our mainstream culture. As for later poems, it is said that "to the west of the old base area, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms". You see, it is said to be the west of the old base area, and some people say it is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms. What's poetic about this? No way. What's the poetic meaning of "flying stones fly in the air, hitting the shore and rolling up thousands of piles of snow"? Many people who eat this bowl of rice will always write about how beautiful it is. In fact, he doesn't think it is beautiful himself. He only said that writing articles looks good. I'm telling you, it's not beautiful, but the beauty lies in "a river that never returns, a romantic figure through the ages." The beauty lies in the spirit of this poem, and its spirit does not lie in saying that "Xiao Qiao was married for the first time in the past, and the feather fan had a black silk scarf." It lies in the last sentence, "Wandering home, affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, early birth of Fahua, a bottle of wine and bright moon", which is connected with "a romantic figure through the ages". What is this? This is called dispelling tragic consciousness. There are several factors for China people to dispel their tragic consciousness, such as immortals, wine, nature, dreams and women. I mean, in traditional culture. You see, there are five main factors to dispel the tragic consciousness, and these words account for three, that is, wandering in the old country and dreaming. Affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, there are women. Life is like a dream, with dreams. A bottle is still on the moon, and there is wine.
So in essence, this word has a negative taste. Why? It is the digestion of tragic consciousness and the transcendence of tragic consciousness. It disillusions your heroic dream and tells you a way to surpass it, but it is implicit. Then this shows another important aspect of our traditional culture in China, so this word is loved by ordinary readers, not by special researchers, but widely circulated among ordinary readers, mainly because each of us has this psychological layer in our hearts.
Let's look at the second word, "When will there be a bright moon?" If you like this word, I have no objection. Why? Literally, it's very beautiful. Of course, the value and significance of this word can never be explained only from the external form. In fact, this word also describes a psychological structure and an emotional process of our national culture. Look at "When is the bright moon? Ask for wine from heaven. " This represents people's pursuit of their own value since Qu Yuan's Tian Wen. Just wine? Actually, it's not. He is asking me where I come from. where am I going? What is my value and significance? But is there any result from this survey? In fact, it can't have a clear answer. So in the end, "I don't know what year it is today." I want to go home by the wind, but I'm afraid of Qionglou Yuyu, and it's too cold at the top. "This is a psychological change. You see, at first it was a spiritual inquiry." When will there be a bright moon? Ask heaven for wine. ".Some students asked, why not ask the sky for tea? Don't ask the sky about coke? Vinegar doesn't ask the truth? As I said just now, alcohol is an important factor in dispelling tragic consciousness. Students can think about it. When you are in the world of mortals, do you still want to explore your own value and significance? No, your true feelings will only be revealed after you have drunk and everything is broken. That's why I asked for wine.
Therefore, the first sentence is a kind of spiritual questioning, when is the bright moon, asking for wine to heaven, and then a psychological transition. Is there an answer to this question? No, "I don't know what year it is, and I'm afraid of high and cold, so I want to go home by the wind." Going home is like going home, and the sky is like heaven. The palace in the sky seems to be his home. But he doesn't know whether his home is suitable for him to live in. He is too tall to be cold. This is a psychological change, so the next step is the realistic answer, which is very simple. Dance to find the shadow, as if on earth. In the future, we often say, "There are thousands of roads at night, and tofu is sold during the day." Still have to come back to reality, so we have been going through such a process. But Su Shi's ci does not stop there. This process is not a simple repetition, but a transcendence. What kind of transcendence? This transcendence is the transcendence of the mind after baptism. People's hearts have experienced "when will there be a bright moon?" Ask heaven for wine. " This kind of emotional baptism makes your heart fresh and open. So when you return to this world, your "dancing to find the shadow" will have a new meaning and a new feeling.
The next sentence is "turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, don't sleep." There should be no hate, and nothing can be done. People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away. "You see how sensitive he is to reality, how fresh his feelings are, and how much he attaches importance to the perceptual life of reality. This is all the result of a spiritual inquiry and transformation of "when is the bright moon?" "
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