Yuefu was first established in the Qin Dynasty, and it was an organization that managed the teaching of music and dance singing under the "Shaofu" at that time. In the early Han Dynasty, Yuefu did not exist. When the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held a ceremony in the suburbs, Yuefu was rebuilt. Its duty is to collect folk songs or literati's poems for music, so as to prepare for the court's performance at sacrifices or banquets. The poems it collected were later called "Yuefu Poetry" or "Yuefu Poetry" for short. It is a new poetic style after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South. Later, those who were unhappy were also called Yuefu or Quasi-Yuefu.
Yuefu is a special official institution established since the Qin Dynasty, which is responsible for distributing music, training musicians and collecting folk songs. Han Yuefu refers to the poems collected by Yuefu organs in Han Dynasty. These poems were originally circulated among the people and preserved through Yuefu, which was called "Song Poetry" by Han people and "Yuefu" or "Han Yuefu" in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Poems written by later scholars imitating this form are also called "Yuefu Poems".
Yuefu is an official position established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Its duty is to collect folk songs or literati's poems for music, so as to prepare for the court's performance at sacrifices or banquets. The poems it collected were later called "Yuefu Poetry" or "Yuefu Poetry" for short. It is a new poetic style after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
Han Yuefu is another great collection of ancient folk songs after The Book of Songs. Different from The Book of Songs, it created a new style of poetic realism. Women's works play an important role in the folk songs of Han Yuefu. It uses popular language to construct works close to life, from miscellaneous words to five words, depicts characters in detail with narrative writing, shapes distinctive characters, completes the story, highlights ideological connotation and pays attention to describing typical details, which opens up a new stage in the development of narrative poetry, which is an important stage in the development of five-word poetry in the history of Chinese poetry. Han Yuefu has a very high position in the history of literature, which can keep pace with The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
Shang Mo Sang and Peacock Flying Southeast are both folk songs of Han Yuefu, and Peacock Flying Southeast is the longest narrative poem in ancient China. Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Poetry are both called "Yuefu Shuangbi". Peacock Flying Southeast in the Han Dynasty, Mulan Poetry in the Northern Dynasty, and Wei Zhuang's Ode to Fu Qin in the Tang Dynasty are also called "Three Wonders of Yuefu". In addition, the phrase "Young people don't work hard, but the old people are sad" in the long song line is also a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages.
The expansion and development of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty was in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The Book of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty said: "By the time Emperor Wu made a decision, Yuefu was established, reading poems at night, entrusted by Zhao, Dai, Qin and Chu. I thought that the master of the law would lead dozens of people to write poems and poems. Legally, he wrote an eight-tone song with 19 chapters. On the first day of the first month, people worship the hills with sweet springs, which makes 70 boys and girls faint. " During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the function of Yuefu was further strengthened. Yuefu not only organized literati to create songs and poems for the court, but also collected ballads from all over the country. Many folk songs are sung in Yuefu and handed down. The Yuefu poems created by literati are no longer limited to Song Like's banquet in Anshifang, but also sung during the festival, and the status of Yuefu poems is obviously improved. According to "Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao", when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, the Yuefu Order consisted of three officials. According to the History of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty, by the end of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Yuefu had more than 800 employees and became a large-scale music institution. More than 100 years from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Cheng was the heyday of Yuefu. Emperor Ai ascended the throne, ordered the dismissal of Yuefu officials, greatly reduced Yuefu personnel, and placed the rest under the jurisdiction of the order. Since then, there has been no Yuefu organizational system in the Han Dynasty.
The organ in charge of music in the Eastern Han Dynasty also belonged to two systems. One is Taiyue Music Department, and the chief executive is Taiyue Order, which is equivalent to Taiyue Order in the Western Han Dynasty and belongs to Tai Changqing. One is the propaganda department of Huangmen, in charge of Cheng Hualing, belonging to Shaofu. The name of Huang Men's advocacy has existed since the Western Han Dynasty, and it has a very close relationship with Yuefu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huangmen Propaganda Department, which was in charge of Cheng Hualing, provided songs for the ministers who enjoyed the banquet, which actually played the role of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty. Yuefu poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty were mainly sung by Huangmen Propaganda Department, so they were preserved. Han Yuefu is divided into:
1, symphony: mainly music songs made by noble literati for sacrifice, gorgeous and elegant, without thinking. Such as the seventeenth chapter of An Shi Fang Song and the nineteenth chapter of Jiao Ji Song. Music mainly uses Qin music and Chu music.
2, advocating music: also known as piccolo cymbals, is the northern music introduced from the northern nationalities in the early Han Dynasty. The lyrics were written later, and the content was more complicated. Mainly folk creation.
3. Harmony songs: Music is folk music collected from all over the country, and most of the songs are "street talk". Among them, there are many masterpieces, which are the essence of Han Yuefu.
4. Miscellaneous songs: Among them, many tunes are unknown. Because there is no classification, it is a category of its own. There are some excellent folk songs in it.
When describing the poems of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty, Hanshu wrote: "Since filial piety, Liwu Yuefu has adopted many ballads, so there are generations, Qin and Chu styles. They all feel sad and happy, all because of things. " Yuefu poems in Han dynasty are all based on this theme, which is highly targeted. It is the specific events in daily life that inspire the enthusiasm and inspiration of Yuefu poets. Yuefu poems also show sensitive issues that people are generally concerned about, telling the bitterness and joy, love and hate, and attitudes towards life and death of that era.
The authors of Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties came from different classes, and the poet's brushwork penetrated into all levels of social life. Therefore, the disparity between the rich and the poor and the inequality between the sufferings and joys of social members are fully reflected in the poems. In Xianghe's poems, the trip to the East Gate, the trip to gynecological diseases and the trip to orphans all show the sufferings of ordinary people and are groans and shouts from the lowest level of society. Some families "don't have a bucket of rice in the pond and no clothes hanging on the shelf", forcing the man and the man to draw swords and take the road of resistance. ("East Gate Tour") Some women have been sick for many years and entrusted their children to their husbands when they were dying; After the death of the sick woman, the husband had to beg along the street, and the orphan cried for his mother at home. ("Gynecological Diseases") Others wrote that orphans were abused by brothers and sisters and tasted the bitterness of the world. These works reveal the economic poverty and hardships of ordinary people in a bold way, and also show their mental pain and emotional suffering through their dialogues, actions and inner monologues. After making the final choice, the protagonist in the East Gate Story has to give up the love of husband and wife and the affection of children. The dialogue between husband and wife is the scene where you are going. The dying will of a sick woman in a woman's illness is bitter, and the guilt and sadness of her husband's inability to raise orphans also permeate between the lines. As for the orphans in The Orphan's Walk, they have the idea that life is worse than death because they can't stand inhuman treatment, and they have completely lost confidence in their fate since they were young. When expressing the sufferings of ordinary people, Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties took into account the hunger and cold of material life and the serious trauma of spiritual and emotional world. What is particularly commendable is that the author of the poem has deep sympathy for these poor people who are struggling to die, and tells the unfortunate experiences of the lower classes with compassion.
These three poems included in Xianghe's lyrics are completely different from the three works such as Walking to the East Gate, showing a completely different scene from the suffering world and bringing people into another world. The basic content of these three poems is the same, and they are all about rich people; There are also many repetitions in the words used in the three poems, which originally came from the same mother. Like a tour guide, the author of Meet introduced people to the assistant minister's house twice. The first time I saw gold as the door and white jade as the hall, I sprinkled it on the hall and made a name for it. The osmanthus trees in the atrium are very spectacular. The second time I saw it, on my honeymoon, the crane was humming, two women were knitting cotton, and the little woman was tuning the musical instrument. This poem not only plays up the wealth of the master, but also points out his distinguished status: "Brother 23, neutron is assistant minister." This is a wealthy family with extraordinary value. Gold is the door and white jade is the hall, which is a symbol of a rich prince, not a general wealth, but a great wealth. The assistant minister is the imperial palace guard or the servant of the emperor, and he is a trusted confidant minister of the emperor. His special position is not comparable to that of ordinary court officials. "Cockcrow" and "A Narrow Slant Line in Chang 'an" make the prominent position of the performance object more full, or the cloud says, "Four or five brothers are all loyal to Zhong Lang" or the cloud says, "The eldest son has two thousand stones, and the neutron has filial piety. The boy has no official position, and his clothes are in Luoyang. "The rich man in the poem is not just a resident official, but several brothers are officials at the same time; The official position is not limited to the assistant minister with a salary of 400 stone, but the official with a rank of 2,000 stone. The two poems "Meeting" and "There is a Narrow Slant Line in Chang 'an" were written by the author in an appreciative style, while the poem "Cockcrow" warned the rich and powerful not to run amok, so as not to violate the criminal law, and contained elements of exhortation and criticism. The above three poems show the atmosphere of a wealthy family, which is of exemplary significance to China's ancient literary creation. Later, many similar works were based on this. Gold is the door and white jade is the hall. In A Dream of Red Mansions, it evolved into Jia Fu's "White Jade as a Golden Horse". As for the section where three women weave cotton drum instruments, it is divided separately and named as "the glory of three women", which frequently appears in ancient Yuefu poems and becomes a symbol of rich children, accumulating into a symbol with specific significance. [ 1]
Yuefu poems, which show the sufferings of ordinary people and reflect the luxury of a wealthy family, are included in the harmony songs, forming two contrasting pictures. One side is hungry and cold, struggling on the death line; On the one hand, it is luxury, and I don't know if there is sadness in the world. On the one hand, even his wife and children can't live, on the other hand, there are many wives and concubines and many waterfowl. These two groups of Yuefu poems were originally arranged together with great contingency, and their objective effect was to guide readers through heaven and hell and appreciate the bipolar world of disparity between the rich and the poor and uneven bitterness and happiness.
Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty also directly expressed the love and hate between men and women. Love and marriage works occupy a large proportion in the poems of Yuefu in the two Han Dynasties. Most of these poems are written by folk or lower-class literati. Therefore, when expressing love and hate in love and marriage, they all seem bold and bold. Advocating the worship of evil in the lyrics is one of the songs 18, which is a woman's self-oath: "worship of evil! I want to know you, and I will live long. There is no grave in the mountains, the river is exhausted, lightning in winter shakes rain and snow in summer, and heaven and earth are one, but they dare to separate from you. " This poem uses strange words and is unique. First, I swear to God that I will be my partner for life. Then he even listed five rare and extremely abnormal natural phenomena to express his unswerving commitment to love, each of which would not appear under normal circumstances, let alone five at the same time. Therefore, the works greatly enhance the intensity of lyricism, and the inner feelings are like volcanic eruptions, such as surging rivers, and no force can stop them. The women in Yuefu poems in the two Han dynasties are sincere and enthusiastic about their lovers. However, once you find that the other person has moved on and changed his mind halfway, you will turn love into hate and break up with him decisively without hesitation. Another cymbal song, Thinking, reflects the change and performance of unmarried women from love to hate. The lover that the heroine misses is far away in Hainan, and she has prepared a precious "two pearl tortoiseshell with dazzling jade color" and wants to give it to her. When she heard that the other person had second thoughts, she resolutely ruined the gift. "Miscellaneous things ruined it." "When the wind blew its ashes," she resolutely said, "From now on, don't miss each other." She loves her passionately and hates her guts. Her choice is painful, but also firm and resolute.
Peacock Flying Southeast is about another kind of love-hate relationship. The hero and heroine of this poem, Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi, are a loving couple. There is only love between them, not hate. Their marriage broke up due to external forces. Jiao Mu doesn't like Lan Zhi, so she has to go back to her family. Brother Liu forced her to remarry, and the satrap forced her to get married. After Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing broke up, they got to know each other better and their love became stronger and stronger. In the end, both of them committed suicide to resist the arranged marriage, and also expressed their undying love. When the author of Peacock Flying Southeast describes this marriage tragedy, the hero and heroine love what they love and hate what they hate, and the tendency is very obvious.
There are also two Yuefu poems in the Han Dynasty, such as Sang Helang. In these two works, men and women have no emotional foundation at all and are strangers. The man tried to impose his will on the woman by virtue of power. Then, there appeared a scene in which Qin Luofu deftly refused to be nice to Jun and Hu Ji. The authors of these two poems also have a clear distinction between love and hate. They fully affirmed and highly praised Qin Luofu and Hu Ji, and mocked the lecherous emissary and Jin Wuzi.