"The Book of Songs·Beifeng". "Bei" turned out to be a feudal state in the early Zhou Dynasty. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" said: "King Wu conquered Shang and divided it from the city of Zhou. He called it Bei in the north (today's south of Tangyin in Henan), Yong in the south, and Wei in the east to enfeoff the princes." Soon afterwards, The Wei Kingdom captured all the lands of Bei and Yong. Therefore, "Bei Feng" and "Quan Feng" in "The Book of Songs" are actually "Wei Feng".
Weiguo (today’s southern Hebei and northern Henan) is located in the Central Plains. It was one of the culturally developed areas in the Zhou Dynasty. The working people of Weiguo especially loved singing, so they were included in "Beifeng" and "Bei Feng". There are more folk songs in "Guan Feng" and "Wei Feng" than in "wind" poems from other places, and about half of them involve love and marriage. Therefore, some moralists in later generations said that the winds of Zheng and Wei were promiscuous and had many sounds on the mulberry trees. Therefore, they objected to some poems expressing love and married life in "Zheng Feng" and "Wei Feng", or from misinterpret them from a classical perspective.
"Gu Feng" is a poem about an abandoned wife, divided into six chapters. The first chapter is the heroine's persuasion to her furious husband, hoping that he will not abandon her; the second chapter is about the abandoned heroine looking back on the home she worked so hard to build, and she can't bear to leave; the third chapter is about the heroine's response to The justification and anger of being abandoned, as well as the grief that she can no longer take care of her children; the fourth chapter is about the heroine recalling that she has been diligent in running the house and being friendly to her neighbors since she got married; the fifth and sixth chapters are about the heroine recalling her husband's attitude towards her husband. My different attitudes in the past and present.
The whole poem is written in the voice of the heroine's self-narration. There are no angry words, but only words of sorrow. Through the heroine's self-narrative language, she is kind and gentle. The weak character is clearly presented to the readers.
The heroine is kind. When her husband's family was in hardship, she did not regard the hard life of her husband's family as a hardship, but took pleasure in starting a family business with her husband in the hardships. It reflects the joy of love she enjoyed when she was in trouble with her husband. In terms of neighborhood relations, no matter whose family is in major or minor disaster, she will try her best to help. "When ordinary people are in mourning, they must crawl on their knees to save them." The word "crawling" makes the heroine's kind heart of rescuing people in distress vividly appear on the page. The heroine's kind character is also reflected in her concern for her children after being abandoned. The poem does not use heart-wrenching language to directly describe the scene of her separation from her children. It just says: "I won't read it, let alone my queen?" I can't take care of myself, so how can I have time to take care of staying in my husband's house? Where are your children? Behind these words, hidden in the heroine's kind heart is the longing for her children and the worry about their future destiny!
The poem also describes the tenderness of the heroine's character in many aspects. This first manifested itself in her infatuation with her late husband. There are not many words used in the poem to express their love union, but through the heroine's self-narration, readers can feel that their union still has a certain foundation of love. Although he may just be obsessed with her beauty, or her ability, she is sincere towards him. She married her husband when his family was poor, and she and her husband struggled to build this poor family. "Being born and raised is better than being poisoned." Life was a little easier, but his face changed and he found a new love. But she endured her husband's cold treatment. Even when her husband turned against him, frequently provoked family disputes, and wanted to abandon her, she still showed her loyalty and tried to persuade him with emotion and reason. Change of heart. The second manifestation is in her defense of being abandoned. Her husband liked the new and disliked the old, blaming her for her aging and lack of beauty. She defended herself persistently. The poem uses Jingshui turbidity and Weiqingshui as a comparison. Jingshui is turbid because compared with Weishui, if Jingshui stops flowing, it will also be clear. The implication is that he is not unattractive, and his appearance is not necessarily any worse than the bride's. It's just that the husband is obsessed with the beauty at the wedding party and never wants to get close to his old wife again. "If you pick up nectar and fetus, there will be no lower body." She politely advises her husband not to focus only on the color but not on the soul, stubbornly lingering on the old love for her husband. When she learned that her husband was completely unfeeling and that love had become a waste, she still did not directly condemn her husband's unfeeling. She only asked politely in a reproachful tone: Have you forgotten the past days? You were once a lover. Pass me! She is nostalgic for her husband's previous "love" for her, her anger is mixed with tenderness, and her reproach is mixed with fantasy. This kind of pen and ink depicts the tenderness and infatuation of the heroine penetratingly, vividly depicting the gentle and beautiful touching image of an ancient Chinese working woman.
The author also writes about another side of the character of the hardworking, kind, gentle and passionate heroine, which is her weakness. She did her best to bear the arduous and heavy work at home, worked hard without complaint, and repeatedly tolerated her husband's deliberate emotional indifference and torture. Even when her husband had already entered the new family and put her in unbearable humiliation, she still strived to win over her husband. Change her mind; when she has been abandoned and has to return to her parents' home, she still hopes that her husband will come to see her off, even if it is just to see her off. This kind of weakness can't help but make readers feel sad for his misfortune and almost want to be angry at him. Of course, literary works are meant to describe complex and diverse characters. Although this weakness is the weakness of the heroine's character, it is also the success of this work. The author is trying to describe a special character with a gentle and weak character.
Just like the character of the heroine in "Wei Feng·Mang" is both gentle and strong, they both express the different personalities of different characters and show the richness of the characters.
Another character in the poem is the heroine’s husband. This is a ruthless and treacherous man who preys on people for sex, but there is not a single positive description of him in the whole poem. The author uses virtual writing to reveal his character through the heroine's tragic confession of her fate. When he was in poverty, he fell in love with the beautiful, kind, gentle, passionate and capable heroine, and deceived her into loving him. Even then, he just treated her as dry vegetables for the winter. Once the winter was over, he crossed the river and fell in love with the new girl, who in his opinion was more beautiful and beautiful. In order to achieve the purpose of abandoning his wife, he started a dispute between the husband and wife for no reason. From the beginning of the competition of "breathing the wind in the valley, using gloom and rain", you can feel his gloomy face and anger. He refused to listen to his wife's persuasion, and instead used various despicable and cruel methods to torture her physically and emotionally. The author contrasts the joy of the husband's wedding with the sorrow of his wife's abandonment. He writes about the depth of the pain of the abandoned wife, and also highlights the ruthlessness of the husband to the point of being cruel, cold, and heartless. None of these are reflected in positive and specific descriptions. The ugly face of this deceitful man is only exposed through the heroine's tearful statement. This is the virtual writing on the art tree. In this regard, "Tani Breeze" is different from "Migrant". Although they both portray the image of the male protagonist with basically the same personality, "Mang" shows it positively through the heroine's accusations that almost point at her husband's nose. , while "Tani Breeze" is expressed with side and reverse side effects. Both of them have received the same artistic effect.
In terms of artistic expression techniques, this famous work not only depicts two plump and vivid characters with one real and one virtual writing method, it also uses other artistic expression methods. The most noteworthy thing is the good use of atmosphere rendering. The first two lines of Bixing set off the sad tone of the entire work. The description of the weather with cold rain and wind creates a tragic artistic atmosphere and sets the tragic tone of an elegiac song for the whole poem. The reader is immersed in this tragic artistic realm from the beginning. Regarding these two lines of poetry, Zhu Peng said: "Biye. Xixi, harmony and comfort. The east wind is called the valley wind. ... It is said that the yin and yang are harmonious and then the rain falls, just like the husband and wife are harmonious and then the family is harmonious." ("Collected Poems") But When we examine the poetic meaning, the following uses "yin and rain" to describe the "grain wind", which exactly shows that the "grain wind" causes the bad climate of continuous rain, clearly depicts the scene of the miserable wind and bitter rain, and symbolizes the husband's love in the following text. "angry", so "gufeng" should be interpreted as "wind from the valley, that is, strong wind". (Yu Guanying's "The Book of Songs") And "xixi" is not "harmony and comfort" as Zhu Peng said, but should be "big wind sound". (Gao Heng's "Modern Notes on the Book of Songs") These two lines not only set the tragic atmosphere for the whole poem, but they are also symbols of the husband's violent character, and their connotations are much richer and far-reaching. But this poem does use comparison, and the several metaphors used are not only appropriate, but also varied, vividly depicting the character and image of the characters. "Picking up the nectar and picking up the fetus, but not the lower body" is a metaphor for a husband who only values ??appearance but not moral character. The edible roots of these two plants, Feng and Fei, are mainly the rhizomes that grow underground, rather than the leaves that grow above the ground. Therefore, when people pick "葑" and "Fei", they mainly pick their "lower parts". The heroine's husband places more emphasis on a woman's appearance than her virtue. Therefore, "picking herbs and philippines, without having any lower body" vividly and vividly expresses the husband's lustful character. "Who said that tea is bitter? It is as sweet as a chestnut." The heroine compares the bitterness to it. Zhu Peng said: "Although tea is very bitter, it is as sweet as a chestnut. If you compare it with yourself, its bitterness is even worse than that of a chestnut." Tea." (Volume 2 of "Collected Poems") But this metaphor is different from the previous one. It is presented in the form of irony, which deeply expresses the heroine's great pain after being abandoned. The biggest similarity between these two metaphors is that they only mention the things used as metaphors, but not the things being compared. The meaning of metaphor is expressed by borrowing the things being compared. This is a metonymy, and the image and the thing are combined vaguely and clearly. closer. But the second metaphor uses another metaphor of "it's as sweet as a shepherd's purse", using the sweetness of a shepherd's purse to be compared to the "sweetness" of "tea" (of course tea is bitter, but in the eyes of the heroine, it is still sweet) , this is what we usually call a simile. It can be seen that the comparison methods are the same with some changes. Another example of using similes is "You are newlyweds, like brothers", which not only describes the joy of the husband's wedding, but also compares his own suffering. Another metaphor used is "Jing Yi Wei is turbid, Shi Shi is Qi Shu", which means that compared with the newcomer, one's own appearance is not necessarily ugly, and it is also very vivid. Just from the above examples, we can see that the metaphors in this poem are the same but with variations, flexible but not rigid, vividly depicting the characters and personalities, and strengthening the imagery of the poetic language.
Secondly, the metaphor used in this poem is not only vivid and vivid, but also extremely simple and natural, without any artificiality.