Dark clouds crushed the city and destroyed it.
Shang shan Zao hang
Year: Tang Dynasty
Author: Wen
Genre: Five Principles
Category: detention
I began to recruit priests in the morning and felt sorry for my hometown.
When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost.
Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post.
Because they remembered Ling Du's dream, the geese returned home full of food.
To annotate ...
Going to Good Morning is one of the famous works in Tang Dynasty, which was written by the poet when he left Chang 'an. Among them, "the cock crows in Maodian and the frost on the bridge is rejected" has become a famous sentence. The word "Zao" is the center of this poem's description, and all the actions, scenes and emotions in the poem revolve around it, which is the focus of the lens.
The first pair of couplets, "Begging for priests in the morning and visiting my hometown sadly", describes the time and mood of the poet's departure. The poet got up before the bell of the post station rang, which shows that the poet is eager to climb the mountain and hit the road early. The word "homesickness" points out the reason why the poet left early, and shows his restless sleep and inner pain of homesickness.
The second couplet, "The cock crows in Maodian and the frost in Banqiao", tells what the poet saw and heard when he first left the post office. Here, the poet wears a string of noun beads with emotional red lines, which forms a colorful morning picture for us: the rooster holds his head high, crows and pecks a new page of the calendar. At this moment, the waning moon is still hanging above the western sky, and the cold moonlight is accompanied by the footsteps of early pedestrians in the journey. "Mo Daojun left early and there were many early pedestrians." Footprints of pedestrians have been left on the wooden bridge in front of the shop covered with silver frost. After the poet's careful choice of words, a beautiful frost morning picture jumped to the page. There is a famous sentence in Ma Zhiyuan's poem "Tian Jingsha" in the Yuan Dynasty, "Old vines faint crows, small bridges flowing, old roads west wind thin horses". If traced back to the source, it can't be said that it won the interest of Wen's Frost Morning Map. The second couplet describes the crow of a chicken, the shape of the waning moon, the traces of people, the description of silver frost, sound, color, light and temperature, but the outstanding focus is on the word "early", but the poet skillfully visualizes and concretes the word "early".
Sanlian's "mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and branches bloom on the Ming Yi wall" is what I saw when I wrote Morning Travel. Mistletoe leaves wither and bitter orange blossoms bloom, pointing out that the festival of early departure is in early spring. Leave early in the early spring, the ground is frosted in the morning, and mistletoe leaves are all over the road. When you feel the chill in spring, the word "Ming" breaks the cold and darkness of dawn, giving people confidence and strength to welcome the red sun. At the same time, the word "Ming" comes late, which also implies the darkness of the sky when moving forward, thus reflecting the "early" departure. Some people regard the first couplet and this couplet as painting "autumn scenery", obviously because they are in the south and don't know the growth law of first frost, mistletoe and bitter orange in the early spring in the north.
At the end of the couplet, "I miss Ling Du's dream, and the geese return to the pond", and the couplet is written back to the dream I got the night before I left early. This means seeing the touching scene of brilliant flowers and the rising sun, so I remembered last night's dream. In my dream, I saw wild geese exulting and playing, and the beautiful winding pond overflowed. Maybe I'll meet my relatives at home in a few days. ! These two poems are very implicit. Originally refers to the poet's longing to go home and reunite with his relatives. However, the poet avoided straightness and bent, and conveyed the meaning of hoping to reunite with his family as soon as possible with the image of "full pond" In this way, the perfect artistic conception echoed with the first couplet was formed, which further highlighted the reasons for leaving early and showed the poet anxious to return's strong mood.
In addition to being good at creating scenery around the center and writing feelings, the ending is subtle and elegant, and the clever antithesis is its artistic feature that can not be ignored. The two couplets in the middle are not only excellent in sound, color and light, but also have a strong sense of space, which deepens people's image sense of the three-dimensional picture of poetry.
The reason why this poem is recited by people is that it truly reflects some common feelings of ordinary travelers in feudal society through its distinctive artistic image. Shangshan, also known as Chushan, is located in the southeast of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province. The author left Chang 'an in the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and passed through here.
The first sentence shows a typical "leave early" scene, which is very general. When I got up in the morning, the hotel was jingling inside and outside, and the bells of horses and chariots had already rung. Many activities, such as riding and driving, have been suggested. The second sentence is the author talking about himself, but it also applies to ordinary passengers. It's good to be at home for a thousand days, but it's difficult to go out for a while. In feudal society, due to traffic difficulties, poor human feelings and many other reasons, ordinary people often moved to different places and dared not travel far. The poem "Traveling and Thinking of Hometown" can arouse readers' emotions.
Three or four sentences have always been popular. Mei once said to Ouyang Xiu: The best poem should be "a scene that is difficult to write, like the eyes, with endless opinions". Ouyang Xiu asked him to give an example. He quoted these two sentences and Jia Dao's "Birds are strange in the wild, and pedestrians are afraid in the sunset". He also asked: "The road is difficult, but you are worried." Isn't it obvious? " (Poem of June 1) Li Dongyang further analyzed in "Poems on Huailutang": "The thatched cottage crows, and the slab bridge frosts people." People only know that they can express their thoughts and feelings. I don't know that the second sentence doesn't need one or two sentences, but only mentions the word "seeking place", but it is rare to have a sonorous rhyme and full image. If it is difficult to pile up, no matter its literal clarity and harmonious rhyme, I can write about the scenery, how can I! "sonorous rhyme" and "full image" are the necessary conditions for all good poems. Li Dongyang put forward these two points as the subordinate conditions of "not using one or two idle words, only mentioning words", which can explain the artistic characteristics of these two poems. The so-called "function words" refer to various words other than nouns; The so-called "mentioning words" refers to the choice and combination of nouns representing typical scenery. These two poems can be broken down into ten nouns representing ten kinds of scenery: chicken, sound, hair, shop, moon, people, trace, board, bridge and frost. Although the words such as "chicken's voice", "Maodian", "traveled by people" and "Banqiao" in the poem are all combined into the radical phrase of "attribute plus head word", because all attributes are nouns, the specific meaning of nouns is still preserved. For example, can the word "chicken sound" and the combination of "chicken" and "sound" not attract people's attention? Maodian, Travel and Banqiao are similar to this.
In ancient times, for the sake of safety, tourists usually stayed indoors early, and the rooster crowed early to see the sky. Since the poet wrote about going early, the cock crow and the moon are characteristic scenery. Maodian is a characteristic scenery in mountainous areas. In "The Chicken Crows on the Moon in Maodian", travelers in Maodian get up to look at the sky when they hear the chicken crow, pack their bags when they see the moon in the sky, get up and go on the road, and many other things are vividly shown.
Similarly, for early walkers, Banqiao, frost and people on the frost are also characteristic scenery. The author set out on the road before the cock broke dawn and the waning moon set, which was also an "early trip"; However, it is already a "cold slab bridge frost", which is really "Mo Daojun left early and there were many pedestrians early"!
These two poems composed of pure nouns describe the scene of early death, which is really a good sentence with "sufficient images"
The sentence "mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, Zhihua famous post wall" is written about the scenery on the road. There are many bitter citrus reticulata and oak trees in Shangxian and Luonan areas. The leaves of oak trees are very big. Although it will dry up in winter, it will still stay on the branches. It was not until the early spring of the following year, when the branches were about to sprout, that they fell off. At this time, the white flowers of bitter citrus reticulata have already bloomed. The word "Ming" was used because the white bitter orange blossom next to the wall was conspicuous before dawn. It can be seen that the poet is obsessed with the word "leave early".
The scenery of the first trip reminds the poet of the hometown scenery that appeared in his dream last night: "The geese return to the pond." Spring has come, hometown Ling Du, back to the pond to boil water to keep warm, geese enjoy themselves; And myself, I am far away, resting in Maodian and running on the mountain road! "Du Mengling" and Maodian's homesickness at night bring out the best in each other, taking care of "going home" from beginning to end, bringing out the best in each other; The scenery of my hometown in my dream is in sharp contrast with the scenery on my trip. What I see in my eyes is "mistletoe falling down the mountain", and what I think in my heart is "wild geese returning to the pond" The scene of "leaving early" and the feeling of "leaving early" are perfectly expressed.
Dark clouds crushed the city and destroyed it. Guang Jia commented on the golden scales of the sun.
To annotate ...
① Marshal Yanmen: the old topic of Yuefu's "harmony song, tonal song". The ancient Yanmen County is located in the northwest of Shanxi Province today.
Land.
② Yishui: In Yixian County, Hebei Province today.
Yulong: refers to the sword.
Comment and analysis
Many of Li He's poems are difficult to understand, but this one has different interpretations, but there is no agreement. The understanding of poetry is also very different.
After this short poem, it is said that the enemy Xiao is not afraid of danger and will die with his sword? Its theme is really related to fighting. However, the first four sentences mainly focus on scenery, except for "flowers in flowers" and "the sound of horns", which indicate that there are soldiers here, and they do not clearly describe the siege and breakthrough. Therefore, the differences in interpretation are mostly due to the different experiences of "suggestion". Although the implication is beyond the words, it still comes from words. A poem accumulates words into sentences, and sentences into articles, becoming an internally related whole. The first four sentences of this poem are quite difficult to understand, but the last four sentences are quite clear. Explain the last four sentences clearly, and then look back at the first four sentences, the meaning of the whole article is not difficult to understand.
Look at the last four sentences first. "Half-rolled red flag near Yishui" implies that there was a marching process before "near Yishui". "Half-rolled red flag" is a feature of marching in order to reduce resistance, such as "half-rolled red flag going out of Yuanmen". The word "pro" also shows the momentum of marching. So, did you meet the enemy after Lin Yishui? If so, what is the strength comparison? Who is the situation in favor of? All this is not described positively in the last three sentences, but the implication is clear: First, "facing yi river" means that progress is blocked, which reminds people of "Song of yi river": "The wind blows and the water cools, and the strong man is gone forever." Second, drumming is marching, but "heavy frost and cold drums" imply the seriousness of the war situation through unfavorable natural conditions. Third, at the end of the two sentences, it is self-evident that the Lord will go into battle with his sword and swear to repay his debt with death, then the enemy is now.
The first sentence is marked "black" on the "cloud", and the atmosphere is already very heavy. And this "dark cloud" has "crushed the city" and even "the city is going to be destroyed", which is obviously symbolic. The word "black" on the "cloud" is naturally not used to symbolize our army but the enemy. The enemy's siege is so fierce that our army has only deus ex's chance. "A bright light shines on the sun" is in sharp contrast with the previous sentence in color and form. It obviously contains joy and praise, of course, referring to our army. At first, the city was surrounded by dark clouds, and then the dark clouds collapsed and the sun was shining. The shining armor of our soldiers is like golden scales in the sun, dazzling. In other words, we fought our way out and defeated the enemy.
One or two sentences about siege and breakthrough constitute a unit of meaning. The following eight sentences are written to pursue the victory until the enemy reaches Xiao, which is the meaning of another unit. Horn, an ancient military instrument. There is a record of "blowing the horn and withdrawing troops" in the biography of the northern history of Jiande Wang Yanzong. Looking at the context, the phrase "the horn is full of autumn colors" is based on virtual realism. Show the magnificent scene of the enemy retreating and chasing in the reader's imagination. The word "night" in "blocking rouge and setting night purple" takes care of the word "day" in the first sentence, indicating that the breakthrough has been long, and the two sides are fighting each other. "Put on rouge", the old explanation quoted in Notes on Ancient and Modern Times, "Qin built the Great Wall, so it was called Zisai", is generally good. Closely following the "horn sound" and "autumn color" to describe the red and purple of the earth, people can't help but want to see the bloodiness of the war; Adding a word "coagulation" before "purple" further strengthens this association.
From "day" to "night" or even "frost" in the middle of the night, the pursuers had already arrived in Yishui, and the enemy naturally arrived in Yishui first. The pursuers followed, and if the enemy wants to cross the water, it may be that the whole army will re-serve, so it can only be the last fight. At the thought of Han Xin's backwater array, I knew how severe the situation facing the pursuer was! It is a reflection of this grim situation that the drum can't afford to fight, and the Lord swears to death. As for the result of a quick victory, let readers imagine it. Poets use special artistic techniques to express their unique artistic imagination, or use symbols, hints, or contrasts, or use virtual reality, sound visualization, and exchange parts for the whole, leaving readers with too broad imagination space, so readers' understanding varies from person to person.
The outstanding features of Li He's poems are novel images, bright colors, novel shapes and rich imagination. In Wild Goose Gate, these characteristics are fully and fully reflected. Take the last two sentences as an example to see how he pays attention to color setting and modeling. These two sentences say that the monarch will repay his kindness and he will fight to the death, but there is no conceptual language. The external image and internal activities of the monarch are highlighted through modeling and coloring. During the Warring States Period, Yan Zhaowang once built a platform to attract talents, because it was called "Huang Jintai". Jade Dragon was used as a sword in the Tang Dynasty. Gold and white jade are cherished by the world because of their texture and color. "Dragon" is a noble animal in ancient legends, and "Huang Jintai" is a symbol of longing for talents. The poet chose the shapes of "Jade Dragon" and "Huang Jintai", and wrote the poem "The Golden Platform repays the emperor's wishes and asks Jade Dragon to die for him", and the image of an energetic Lord came into view. His lofty spirit of not dying for his country and the virtue of the monarch attaching great importance to talents give readers a strong and beautiful feeling.
Let me explain first:
Yanmen County is now in the north of Ningwu, Shanxi Province and the south of Shuoxian County. Eastern Datong. North and other places. Taishou, official name, county magistrate.
Yuefu's poetry anthology, Wild Goose Gate Taishouxing, is one of the thirty-eight songs of Xianghe Gese Tune. This poem is a quasi-ancient Yuefu poem.
Dark clouds: The Book of Jin explains: "(There is a dark cloud like a house above the fortified city, called Yue).
Horn: A device sounded by the army, such as the present horn.
(Swallows pour soil at night, and it coagulates purple.) Ancient and modern notes: "Qin built the Great Wall, and the soil color is purple, so it is called Zisai."