Early Tang Dynasty:, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo (these four people are collectively called "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty"), Song,.
Tang Dynasty: Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei, Zhang Jiuling, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling, He, Wang Zhihuan, Liu Changqing, Gao Shi.
Mid-Tang Dynasty: Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Meng Jiao, Lu Lun, Li He, Liu Yuxi, Jia Dao, Wei, Yuan Zhen.
late tang dynasty
Li Shangyin, Wen Tingjun, Du Matao and Du Xunhe.
Introduction of late Tang dynasty
The Anshi Rebellion (65438+February 75516-February 763 17) in the late Tang Xuanzong gradually declined. In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the emperor had no real power in economy, politics and military affairs, which led to the formation of the separatist situation in the buffer regions. Finally, all parties broke away from the rule of the Tang Dynasty and became independent regimes. After 875 years, the Tang Dynasty entered the late Tang Dynasty. In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished and Hou Liang was founded. The late Tang Dynasty ended. Since then, it has entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
The development of history
Xuanzong's Political Crisis
The Tang Dynasty has been developing vigorously since the establishment of Emperor Gaozu Li Yuan, and entered its heyday during the Kaiyuan period. However, with Xuanzong becoming increasingly endangered politically, the prosperous Tang Dynasty began to decline. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed to Tianbao in Yuan Dynasty, he was full of ambition and decided to indulge himself. From then on, he never asked about state affairs again. After accepting Yang Yuhuan as the imperial concubine, she became more addicted to debauchery. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed Li, who was famous for his duplicity, as prime minister, and he was in office for eighteen years, which led to corruption in political affairs.
An Shi Rebellion in 755-763 A.D.
In 742 AD, Xuanzong changed to Yuan Tianbao and appointed Li and Yang Weixiang successively. Reuse the Anshi rebellion and others, the military power side, and finally guide.
To the famous "An Shi Rebellion" in history. In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan launched a rebellion and captured Chang 'an, Tang Dou in the 15th year. Xuanzong retreated to Chengdu, Sichuan, and Prince Li Hengbei took Lingwu. In July, after Hengli arrived in Lingwu, he acceded to the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, changing Yuan to virtue, respecting Xuanzong as the emperor's father and Su Zong. From the fourteenth year of Tianbao to the first year of Guangde (763), the "Anshi Rebellion" was put down. After seven years and two months, this rebellion greatly weakened the strength of the Tang Dynasty and directly led to the separatist situation of later generations.
Buffer system
In the late Tang dynasty, the long-term separatist regime of the buffer region made the ruling power of the Tang dynasty exist in name only. Throughout the country, local governments and most local governments are in the hands of local governments.
Military power is also mostly hereditary and not controlled by the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the regime in the late Tang Dynasty mainly suppressed the rebellion and had no time to take into account the development of economy and culture. Coupled with the Anshi rebellion, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty went from bad to worse. Therefore, the Li and Tang dynasties never recovered their previous prosperity. Su Zong (756-762) and his successors Dai Zong (762-780) and De Zong (780-805) were incompetent. They favored traitors and alienated sages, which made the rule of the Tang Empire worse. Tubo, Uighur and other foreigners constantly threatened the Tang Empire. At this time, the Tang dynasty was at home and abroad.
A powerful eunuch
In 806 AD, Tang Xianzong (806-82 1 reigned) ascended the throne in the spring, and with the help of courtiers, he recovered Huaixi and other places that were separated by the buffer region.
Temporarily unified the Tang dynasty. However, Xian Zong believed in his merits, acted arbitrarily and trusted eunuchs, and was eventually harmed by eunuchs. After that, the eunuch's status was even comparable to that of the emperor and became the real ruler of the Tang Dynasty empire.
Tang Xianzong was killed by eunuch Chen Hongzhi; Jing Zong was killed by eunuch Liu Keming, while Mu Zong and literate Sect were both killed by eunuchs. After Tang Wenzong ascended the throne, in the fifth year of Daiwa (83 1), he tried to get rid of eunuchs with Song's plan. Because of the improper employment of Song, he was betrayed by his accomplices, and the result ended in failure. Song also died in Kaizhou.
In the ninth year of Daiwa (835), Li Xun and Zheng Zhu were used to try to get rid of eunuchs, and the result was disastrous. Eunuch Chou Shiliang and others led troops to kill court officials, and Prime Minister Wang Ya's men killed more than 600 court officials. The court was in a panic, and the court officials could not protect themselves. When they had to enter the court, they resigned with their families. This is the famous "manna change" in history. After that, eunuchs became more powerful, and literati became puppets, often crying and sighing that they were "enslaved by domestic slaves." Emperors of all dynasties were controlled by eunuchs.
In Tang Wuzong, before the eunuch Chou Shiliang became an official, he left comrades with the experience of playing with the emperor, saying, "The son of heaven can't be idle. When you meet a Confucian minister, you must remonstrate, think wisely, play less, and be lucky. I am graceful and thin, but my strength is light. " "For the sake of you, if you plow the goods, you will be full of eagles and horses, and you will be fascinated by hunting the ball every day. If you are so extravagant that you don't know how to rest, you will definitely reject Confucian classics and engage in westernization. How can you enjoy your power? " (Biography of Chou Shiliang in the New Tang Dynasty)
The autocratic power of eunuchs is an important political curse of the decline of the Tang Dynasty.
Take longevity medicine
In February 820, Tang Xianzong died, and the following year, Mu Zong acceded to the throne. After Mu Zong, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty believed in taking elixir of life. Among the next ten emperors, three people (* * * Tang Xianzong, Tang Muzong, Tang Jingzong, Tang Wuzong and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty) died just because they took the elixir of life, which accelerated the demise of the Li and Tang Dynasties.
peasant uprising
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Yizong and Tang Xizong were famous bad emperors, which made the Tang Dynasty go downhill all the time. In the late Tang Dynasty, wars continued and the economy and politics declined. In the 13th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 859), a peasant uprising broke out. After Huang Chao's attack, the rule of the Tang Dynasty existed in name only. After the Huang Chao Uprising, the foundation of the Tang Dynasty was broken. The imperial army managed by eunuchs also suffered heavy losses, so the prime minister and eunuchs fought for power and profit constantly. After the Huang Chao Uprising, Tang Xizong died in the turmoil of the late Tang Dynasty and was succeeded by his younger brother Tang Zhaozong.
Until 874 AD, Huang Chao, Wang Xianzhi and others rose up against the Tang Dynasty, and some of them persisted for more than ten years, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, the Tang dynasty has been blocked in a small circle centered on Chang' an, and the rule of the Tang empire is in jeopardy.