Prose is a branch of prose and a variant of argumentative writing, which is both argumentative and lyrical. They are usually short in length and varied in form. Writers often use various rhetorical devices to convey their views and emotions in twists and turns, and the language is smart, gentle and ironic. This is a popular style in a society where words are forbidden.
Definition and attribution of the concept of prose
There are different opinions about the concept and attribution of essays, which can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1 belongs to the category of prose in literature. This division accounts for the vast majority. such as
(1) An Introduction to Literature (135) [1] classifies literary works into four categories: novels, poems, essays and plays, and clearly classifies prose as essays. Excerpts are as follows:
"Essays: literary papers, a kind of prose, are characterized by the combination of lyricism and political theory, eclecticism, rapid reflection of life events and people's thoughts and feelings, the combination of logic and struggle, and incisive exposition in the image. Known for being short, pithy, vivid and sharp, it has profound ideological content, sharp fighting and full artistic persuasion. In the history of China literature, many ancient prose with progressive ideological content and artistic value are mostly famous works. In modern times, due to the advocacy and practice of revolutionary writers represented by Lu Xun, essays became extremely sharp spears and daggers to expose and attack the enemy, and also became weapons to criticize bad tendencies among the people. Essays are mainly used to satirize and expose, and can also be used to praise new ideas, new characters and new styles. "
(2) the 20th century China prose history [2] (page 5):
"Essays are essays, mainly discussing and criticizing; Essays mainly focus on extensive social criticism and civilization criticism, and generally affirm and praise truth, goodness and beauty by exposing and criticizing falsehood, ugliness and ugliness; The essay format is rich and varied, short and flexible, and it requires rationality, lyricism and vividness of discussion and criticism in art, with distinctive irony and humorous comedy color. "
(3) Xinhua Dictionary 200 1 revised edition [3]:
"Essay, a kind of prose, is a kind of literary paper which is mainly about discussion and lyrical. Known for being short, sharp and sharp, there are many styles, such as essays, miscellaneous feelings, miscellaneous talks, notes, etc. "
(4) Ci Hai [4]:
"Essay, a kind of prose, is an essay. Generally short, lively and sharp. The content is all-encompassing, with rich and diverse formats, including miscellaneous feelings, rambling, short comments, essays, notes and so on. There are many such articles in China's works on hundred schools of thought since the Warring States Period. After the May 4th Movement, with the efforts of Lu Xun and others, it became a literary newspaper that directly and quickly reflected the real life of society or expressed the author's thoughts. It is good at ideology and controversy. In art, he is alert in words and full of feelings in words. He often talks about people or things with the help of image metaphors, which is very powerful. "
(5) "Modern Chinese Dictionary" and "Modern Chinese Dictionary" in 2002 supplement [5]:
"Essays, a kind of modern prose, do not stick to a certain form, but focus on discussion and narration."
2. It belongs to literature, but not to prose. For example:
(1) China's essay history [6] (page 8):
"Essays are a literary style, including novels, plays, poems and essays. It can be said to be a kind of marginal literature. "
(2) Liu Xiqing's artistic prose: aesthetic norms of contemporary prose [7].
"Reportage, historical biography, essays and essays should be separated from the' matrix' of prose, and' self-reliance' should be independent. The new' literature classification' can adopt the ten-point method: poetry; Novel; Dramatic literature; Film and television literature; Reportage; Historical biographical literature; Prose and essays; Artistic prose; National and folk literature; Children's literature. "
(3) Liu, a famous essay editor and critic, "What is essay" [8]: "In short, (essay) is a short critical and satirical literary work of art, but it is not a novel or essay."
3. It belongs to "cross-type" literary genre.
(1) Introduction to Literature [9] classifies both essays and reportage as "cross" literature, also known as "marginal" literature genre, which has both literary and non-literary attributes. (See P86 and P87)
"Essays are a kind of' cross' style, which has both the nature of political theory and the characteristics of literature."
4. It belongs to "literary argumentative essay"
(1) Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary [10] defines "essays" as follows: ......
What is prose?
Prose is a social paper of literature. There are both political and literary factors, but mainly discussion. The composition is not as abstract as the general argumentative essay, or it is simply illustrated by examples. But through the analysis of specific cases, using metaphor, quotation, association, extension, narration, discussion and other ways, using intuitive methods to explain profound truth.
Essays have a wide range of topics, rich content, short length and flexible form. Miscellaneous feelings, essays, short comments, reading notes, letters, diaries, editing, prefaces and postscripts, speeches, etc. , can be a good article.
Prose has the following four characteristics:
First, the space is short and the materials are wide.
Essays generally range from 300 to 500 words to 1000 words, and the number of words is very small. There is not much pen and ink, and it is concise. ? Although this article is short in length, it covers a wide range. Bits of feelings, fragments of thoughts, scale observation, from the universe to the dust, from far to wide, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, news and current affairs, anecdotes, can all be included in the text. Authors can comment on people, discuss, reason, record words and news.
Second, keen and quick, spicy and sharp.
Essays reflect that life is sharp and rapid, spicy and combative. As Lu Xun said, the essay "is the nerve of induction, the hand and foot of attack and defense" ("Jie Ting Essay? Preface) is "a dagger is a throwing gun, which can fight a bottom-up bloody road with readers." Today, with the construction of socialist market economy, newspapers and periodicals have published a large number of essays written for social reality and popular thought, making essays a favorite style for readers.
Third, cynicism and humor.
Satire and humor are often used in prose. That is, through relaxed and humorous language, the rhetorical devices such as innuendo, allegory, pun, exaggeration and satire are used. In a well-meaning smile or ruthless ridicule, the falsehood, evil and ugliness in life are exposed. ? It should be noted that: first, the prose of positive reasoning is mainly praise, and irony is not necessarily used. Second, satire cannot be abused, nor can it be misused without looking at the object.
Fourth, image reasoning and vivid discussion.
The deliberation of paper reviewers should be vivid. It requires that "reason" be embedded in the image through the description of specific things, so that readers can naturally draw conclusions through artistic images.
Images in prose are different from novels and plays. The vividness of novels and dramas requires a series of complete storylines, conflicts and descriptions of various characters to create a complete image, while essays only outline the image with a nose, a mouth and a hair, showing a vivid "living state". For example, in On Feuerbach, Lu Xun used Reservoir Dogs as a metaphor for defeated enemies and pugs as a metaphor for flattering slaves. Therefore, essays are an organic combination of image and reasoning, poetry and politics.
These four characteristics make essays "literary and social papers".
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What is an essay, what are its characteristics and how to write it?
Miscellaneous articles. The essay in a narrow sense refers to a style in modern prose, which mainly focuses on discussion and criticism. It is a general term for essays, short comments, miscellaneous notes, gossip, rambling, satirical sketches, humorous sketches, intellectual sketches, literary and political sketches, etc.
Essays are based on extensive social criticism and civilization criticism, and have strong rational criticism and ideological enlightenment spirit. In art, it generally pursues visualization and lyricism of reasoning, and generally has a distinctive comic color of irony and humor and a philosophical character of witty argument, with multiple functions of warning the world, appreciating ugliness, dispelling doubts and empathizing.
Essays are literary papers with the following characteristics:
First, the harmony and unity of combativeness and pleasure. Essays are combative, and they are "sensitive nerves" and "offensive and defensive brothers" of "harmful things". Prose is also pleasant, so that readers can say goodbye to those old things happily in laughter and enjoy the spirit of beauty. Fighting brings happiness.
Second, the organic combination of demonstration and visualization. The essence of essays is argumentative, with the color of "argumentative". It overwhelms the enemy with the power of logic, and the author's ultimate goal is to discuss right and wrong, distinguish right from wrong and reveal the truth. However, the argument of the essay is concrete. The most important thing about the vividness of essays is that "disadvantages are often taken as types". Although it says "one nose, one mouthful and one hair", its "image" is palpable; Reading them together, not only a certain image is more vivid, but also the "eyebrows of the times" can be seen from it.
Third, the clever use of humor, satire and literary talent. Humor reveals the innocence and irrationality in life with a kind smile through rhetorical devices such as innuendo, allegory and pun. Satire refers to the use of implicit language or exaggerated methods to ridicule and ridicule people or things that are backward and dark. Essay brushwork is a kind of brushwork mainly based on irony and humor. Essay language should also be literary, concise and unique, often in harmony with Zhuang, parallel to escape, interesting.
In addition, prose has another feature: short and pithy.
To appreciate essays, we must first grasp the stylistic features of essays. From the features of essays, we can easily understand and appreciate the ideological content and artistic features of essays. Essays are logical in nature, and we can read essays with logical thinking. Essays are also visual reasoning, so we should look at essays with image thinking. When appreciating prose, we should pay attention to the following aspects: "big" and "small" in material selection, taking the big with the small, and seeing the big with the small; The "emptiness" (reason) and "reality" of artistic conception (for example) control reality with emptiness, and bring emptiness with reality; The combination of "opening" and "closing" in the layout of characters can be opened, while the combination of "Zhuang" and "He" in the language and characters can be cut, and Zhuang and He can be harmonious. Generally speaking, to appreciate prose, we should be familiar with its background. The social "types" summarized in excellent essays have universal significance beyond the times; In this sense, readers are not familiar with the background of the times, but can also grasp the substantive content of essays.
How to write prose
Prose, essays, essays and notes are generally called essays. Most of these articles are "inspired by feelings", revealing social life, local customs, daily work and dynamic events, criticizing current disadvantages, or praising new trends. Because of the general expression of discussion, it is classified as prose in genre. It depends on the pertinence of mixed feelings, so mixed feelings are generally short and pithy, with one knife and one bullet, one stroke and one style, aiming at the target and full of combat effectiveness; No disease, no goal. (2) Miscellaneous feelings are generally written as "from real to virtual, from small to big". The so-called "reality" means that the object of writing is very specific, often a person, an event, a sentence, a poem, a phenomenon, a legend and so on. On the Empty is good at seeing surprises from these seemingly ordinary materials. ......
What does this article mean?
A modern prose, not limited to a certain form, emphasizes discussion and can also be narrative.
What's the difference between prose and essay? What is the concept of prose?
First, the difference between prose and essays:
1, general prose focuses on creating artistic conception, while essays focus on politics and speculation.
Only by creating a beautiful artistic conception can an essay produce touching artistic power. There are three main factors in the formation of artistic conception: one is an idea expressed by the author in his works; The second is the feelings expressed by the author in his works; The third is the images (scenery and things, people and things) that the author describes in his works to express his thoughts and feelings. Prose is a literary and political paper. In modern times, due to the advocacy and practice of revolutionary writers represented by Lu Xun, essays became extremely sharp spears and daggers to expose and attack the enemy, and also became weapons to criticize bad tendencies among the people. In addition, it can also be used to praise new ideas, new character and new style, and even spread knowledge, enlighten ideas and give people physical and mental pleasure.
2. The language of general prose lies in narration and lyricism, while the language of essays is mostly humor and satire.
The language of prose requires natural simplicity and beauty, and the language of prose is mainly lyrical and narrative. The language of essays is mostly humor and satire. An important feature of satirical and humorous sketches is a vivid and powerful means to expose hostile and backward things. Bitter or relaxed language is often used in essays, and through rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, allegory, pun or innuendo, contradictions and ridiculousness are highlighted in ruthless ridicule or well-meaning smile, revealing the author's confidence and advantages. However, we don't just talk about some satirical and humorous works, but we should base ourselves on the author's keen and profound thoughts and revolutionary optimism, so as to write harmoniously and thought-provoking.
3. General prose focuses on expressing thoughts and feelings, while prose focuses on analyzing things and revealing laws.
The biggest feature of prose is "scattered in form but concentrated in spirit", and expressing the sense of * * * has become the ideological theme of prose. The essay focuses on thinking and analysis, revealing social contradictions, criticizing ugly phenomena, praising beauty and yearning for beauty. After reading some essays, you can follow good advice, and you can't expect to succeed in your career overnight. It is not so easy to break through and win.
Second, the concept of essay: essay is a kind of literary paper that directly and quickly reflects social events or trends. Its characteristics are "miscellaneous and literary", short and pithy, meaningful, rich in the color of literary and art workers and the language of poetry, and unique artistic appeal.
What does essay mean?
A modern prose, not limited to a certain form, emphasizes discussion and can also be narrative.
What are the characteristics of prose?
What are the characteristics of prose? Generally speaking, there are three kinds of recognized prose: one is "miscellaneous", the other is "prose" and the third is "reason". "Miscellaneous" mainly refers to its knowledge, "literary" refers to its literariness, and "rational" refers to its ideological and competitive nature. Of course, there are still some, such as "short" and "satirical humor" can be counted as its characteristics, but they are mainly the following three points: First, knowledge. Essays are different from general argumentative essays and general literary works. Often talking about the past and discussing the present is very "miscellaneous". But "miscellaneous" is not chaotic, miscellaneous but not chaotic, and always serves a center. In this way, in this so-called "miscellaneous" form, it gives people a lot of knowledge and gives people a lot of fun.
What's the difference between prose and essay?
Prose has two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all articles that do not rhyme in ancient times. However, there was no such name as "prose" in ancient times; The name "Prose" came into being during the May 4th Movement. In modern times, prose in a broad sense includes all narrative, argumentative and lyrical styles except poetry, novel, drama and film and television literature. For example, Qin Mu said in "Generalized Prose Field" that "all short essays that do not belong to other literary genres but have literary flavor belong to the category of prose". In this way, there is a classification of lyric prose, narrative prose and argumentative prose.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to lyric prose. This is because with the development of style, the communication characteristics, biographical literature and reportage in narrative prose have all developed into independent styles, each of which has become a category; Argumentative essay has a special name-prose, which is also separated from prose, leaving only lyric prose, that is, narrow prose.
Prose is a branch of prose and a variant of argumentative writing, which is both argumentative and lyrical. They are usually short in length and varied in form. Writers often use various rhetorical devices to convey their views and emotions in twists and turns, and the language is smart, gentle and ironic. This is a popular style in a society where words are forbidden.
Essays should try to avoid emotional participation in expression. Too much emotional intervention will turn into prose, and the language should be as objective as possible, otherwise it will be easily regarded as a tendency to vent. This is the answer to the positioning of the article. We know that the forms of prose and essays are gradually becoming clear, but in the category of "big prose", traditional essays, essays, notes and so on. They are all essays, and essays, essays and essays are all among essays, so it is difficult to make an exact division. In the 1930s, literary and art circles used to treat essays as essays. In Ci Hai, essays are short essays such as essays and miscellaneous feelings. The interpretation of essays is: literary essays that directly and quickly reflect social events or social tendencies, and miscellaneous feelings, ramblings and essays all belong to this category.
At present, there are about three types of "essays". One is an article that satirizes the current disadvantages and satirizes the reality; One is an article about life interest and life ideal, which is developed through trivial matters of daily life; Third, some articles, such as notes, notes, essays, diaries, etc. There are both written elements and emotional elements. The feeling here is the same as that of essays, so it also belongs to essays.
What is prose?
Miscellaneous articles. The essay in a narrow sense refers to a style in modern prose, which mainly focuses on discussion and criticism. It is a general term for essays, short comments, miscellaneous notes, gossip, rambling, satirical sketches, humorous sketches, intellectual sketches, literary and political sketches, etc. China's modern essays originated in the May 4th literary revolution, and first appeared in New Youth magazine under the name of Random Thoughts. Great achievements were made in the 1920s, and it became popular in the literary world in 1930s and 1940s. After that, it flourished again in the 1980s. Based on extensive social criticism and civilization criticism, essays have a strong spirit of rational criticism and ideological enlightenment. In art, it generally pursues visualization and lyricism of reasoning, and generally has a distinctive comic color of irony and humor and a philosophical character of witty argument, with multiple functions of warning the world, appreciating ugliness, dispelling doubts and empathizing. Lu Xun is an outstanding essay writer in China, and he pushed his essays to a highly mature position. In addition, Zhou Zuoren, Lin Yutang, Qu Qiubai, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Xu Maoyong, Tang Tao, Nie Gannu, Xia Yan, Ba people, Deng Tuo, Fang Lin and others are representative essay writers in various periods in China.
Prose is a short literary social commentary. It is both logical and literary. Short and pithy, humorous and satirical in writing, lashing ugliness, criticizing current malpractices, and seeking truth to analyze life. Good prose is called "dagger" or "gun throwing"
When reading prose, we should contact the background of the times, understand the truth contained in the interpretation of images, taste the meaning, feel the interest of harmony, and carefully ponder the vivid, humorous and sharp language.
What is the essay "Luxun Style"
The so-called "Luxun-style" essays are Luxun-style revolutionary realism combat essays. Although they can't cover everything in China's modern essays, they are undoubtedly the mainstream of China's modern essays. Lu Xun and Feng's revolutionary realism combat essays have the following three basic characteristics: guided by Marxism, with the basic content of attacking the enemy, correcting the current abuses, propagating the truth, and carrying out extensive, sharp and ingenious social criticism and civilization criticism; (2) Conscious aesthetic pursuit and creation, combining logical thinking with image thinking, paying attention to diversified and image reasoning and satirical essays in writing style, and pursuing a kind of "beauty of reason and interest"; (3) In terms of artistic style and stylistic style, essays are eclectic and shape with things, allowing a broad and free creative world. "Lu Xun Feng" revolutionary realism combat essay is a much broader concept than creative methods, artistic styles and artistic schools, and it is also a concept that constantly flows, enriches and develops in the movement of the times.