Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty? San Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Qi Zi (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy, Serina Liu) inherited the realistic tradition of Han Yuefu folk songs, and generally adopted the five-character style, which was famous for its vigorous character and generous and sad masculinity, forming a "Jian 'an style" in the history of literature. No matter "Cao Shi and his son" or "Jian 'an seven sons", they all lived in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture.
The word "character" was first widely used in the character comments of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and was later quoted in the theory of calligraphy and painting and literary criticism. Regarding literary criticism, Feng Gu, written by Liu Xie in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is the most accurate: "When you express your ambition, you must start from the wind; Thoughtful words, not before bones. So think of words as bones, such as the skeleton of the body; Love contains wind, and it is still shaped by gas. When the words are straight, the bones become awkward; When the spirit is cool, the style of writing is born. " It means that straight words and handsome spirit form a "character" with strong style and strong artistic appeal. Wind is the vitality and internal appeal of an article, while bone refers to the expressive force of an article.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an" (A.D. 196 ~ 220), and the Jian 'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian 'an to Wei Chu. The writers of this era gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, at that time, in the turbulent era of war, their thoughts and feelings were often more passionate. They created a large number of excellent literary works, which formed the characteristics of rich content and rich feelings in literary works, that is, people often say "Jian 'an style".
Literary works in Jian 'an period, especially poems, are the most prominent. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times. "Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he led all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to listen to donkeys before his death, so we all asked him to see him off." So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
The brilliant achievements of Jian 'an literature had a far-reaching impact on the later development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of Southern Tang Dynasty praised the writing style of Jian 'an period many times. Tang Chenziang praised the "Han and Wei style", and Li Baiyou's poem "The bone of a great writer is your brush, in the school of heaven"; Contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian 'an is an era of literary consciousness. From this time on, people began to realize that literature has its own value and independent status. Cao Pi's Canon is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in Jian 'an era. Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi is the earliest existing pure seven-character poem.
"Style" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism. From the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, it has always been the main standard of literary criticism. The literature dominated by five-character poems in the Jian 'an period is famous for its style, respected as a model by later generations and often mentioned in the history of literature.
The word "Ti" was first widely used in the character comments in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. Generally speaking, "style" emphasizes spiritual temperament, while "bone" emphasizes bone shape. The two are inseparable, and the style of combining them into one. Later, it was also used in calligraphy and painting theory.
As for the theory of characters in literary criticism, it should be described in detail in Wen Xin Diao Long. Wind is the vitality of the article and an inner spiritual force that can infect people. With the wind, the article can be vivid. Of course, "wind" is always vague, which is related to the content and emotion of the work, but it does not represent the content and emotion itself.
Bone refers to the expressive force of the article, which means that the article should be vigorous and powerful. "Bone" is a relatively real concept, which is directly reflected in the use of language. If the language is accurate, concise and clear, the article can have power. The concept of honesty is emphasized. It can be understood from different aspects, but it can't be divided into two.
The style of writing referred to by Jian 'an style is mainly characterized by rich content and rich feelings. The writers in Jian 'an era got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. Besides, in wartime, their thoughts and feelings are often impassioned. There is also the clear and vigorous style of Jian' an poetry.
Jian 'an poetry was developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and Ancient Poetry. Although it also pays attention to diction and literary grace, it still maintains the true color of Yuefu folk songs, unlike some later literati poems that are too eager for rhetoric. In addition, Liu Xie also emphasized that the good combination of rhetoric modification and character is the best part of the article.
For example, Cao Zhi's poems are not only gorgeous, but also harmless to the character. Therefore, when people advocate Jian 'an character, they not only affirm its character, but also affirm the combination of its character and algae decoration. Therefore, from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, people who advocated Jian 'an style, despite their different views, basically pointed to some shortcomings in the literary world at that time, such as too flowery rhetoric, too difficult words, weak style of writing, empty or complicated content, dark feelings and so on. , and asked the works to be lively, full of content, full of emotion, distinctive and vigorous style, which played a beneficial role in the history of literature.
The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an". It was Cao Cao who actually held power at that time. The literature in the Jian 'an period and the period before and after it is generally called "Jian 'an literature".
This is a glorious era in the history of literature, and of course it is also a glorious era in the history of poetry. From this time on, people at that time began to realize that literature had its own value and independent status. Mr. Lu Xun said: This is the "conscious era of literature". In this era, poetry, fu and prose have developed greatly. Poetry, in particular, set off the first climax of literati poetry in the history of China literature, and established the dominant position of literati poetry from then on, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
There are three main writers of Jian 'an literature: Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, and seven writers of Jian 'an literature: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu. Sancao was the leader of the literary world at that time, with the highest achievements.
Romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties is a life character pursued by Wei and Jin scholars, that is, they want to achieve their pursuit through their own words and deeds. romantic
1. Merit and literary talent; Handsome and outstanding: it depends on the present.
2. refers to an informal talent: ~ talent ∣ celebrity ~.
As a personality expression of the ideology of the gentry at that time, Wei and Jin demeanor became an aesthetic ideal at that time. Romantic celebrities advocate nature, are detached from things, are sincere and enjoy themselves. The Jin Dynasty invited Wang Youjun, an official of the calendar department, many times, but was repeatedly rejected. I think it is precisely because of spiritual transcendence that the philosophy of "raising a glass to win, praising old friends from afar", "taking light as economy", loving drinking, not being worldly, and focusing on seclusion can be created in Preface to Lanting.
The reason why the demeanor of Wei and Jin dynasties is often derogated from is because these celebrities drink too much and live in the dream of death; Then it's out of line, against common sense, and in addition, it's wrong country. According to legend, Liu Ling, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", was a heavy drinker, often carrying coffins and drinking heavily, naked in the house. Everyone sneered at him, and he retorted, "I take heaven and earth as my home and my house as my underwear." Why did you get into my crotch? In order to live forever, these celebrities took pills, wore long robes and long sleeves, and did not wash for a long time, so they got lice, so it was a very elegant move to "talk" at that time. "
In fact, the scholar-bureaucrat spirit, which started with the demeanor of Wei and Jin Dynasties and complemented Confucianism and Taoism, fundamentally laid the personality foundation of China intellectuals and had far-reaching influence. However, the demeanor of Wei and Jin dynasties also brought disadvantages. Many people follow the fashion and are not as heavy as Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, but they also learn from them. In fact, young people's love for life, self-discovery and affirmation are in the same strain as the values of Wei and Jin demeanor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Nowadays, young people's pursuit of beauty and elegance is complementary to the aesthetic relationship in Wei and Jin Dynasties.