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[Xu Xiping] Achievements and Significance of China's Ancient Southwest Minority Poetry
China Ethnic Literature Network Release Date: 20 19-08-28 Author: Xu Xiping.
China's minority literature has a long history, including both mother tongue literature creation and a large number of Chinese language literature works, all of which are valuable heritages of Chinese language literature. China's early minority poems and prose works were either written directly in Chinese by minority writers or translated into Chinese in their own languages for dissemination.
Relatively speaking, southwest China is rich in ethnic groups, and the achievements of minority literature, including Chinese writing, are equally great, but they are rarely known to the outside world, which is extremely inconsistent with their actual achievements. As early as the Han Dynasty, the southwest region was closely integrated with the culture of the Central Plains. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the southwest region was developed and Sima Xiangru actively strived for it. Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County, set up a school in Sichuan to educate the people with Confucianism, and the cultural exchanges between different ethnic groups in southwest China were very frequent. During the Anti-Japanese War, Mr. Wen Yiduo, after taking part in the tour group of Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan, especially after enjoying yi dance, "saw the vigorous vitality of the Chinese nation from those folk songs, and this promising potential is still preserved among ethnic minorities". To this end, Wen Yiduo intended to write a thought-provoking article with the title "Don't forget the ethnic minorities in Southwest China", giving a judgment that the hope of China literature lies in Southwest China. Since then, academic circles have paid more and more attention to the study of southwest national literature and culture, and have achieved fruitful results.
From the Han and Tang Dynasties, Southwest literature entered the field of vision of China literature and became the dominant symbol. As the saying goes, "people in Shu know nothing, but they are outstanding when they smell it." Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and Wang Bo are all masters of Han Fu. Chen Ziang paved the way for the healthy development of Tang poetry. Li Bai, a poet who "embroidered his mouth and flourished in the Tang Dynasty", brought poetry to the peak of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In this context, the creation of southwest ethnic minorities has also gone down in history. Song of the White Wolf, a famous ancient Qiang people in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is its earliest representative. According to "Biography of the Southwestern Han Dynasty", during the Yongping period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 58-75), "White Wolf, Panmu, Tangyi and other countries,1300,000 households, 6 million people, fell into the embrace of the motherland. In the communication with the Eastern Han Dynasty, the leaders of a few ancient Qiang tribes wrote some songs and poems. Among them, the famous Song of the White Wolf (including Yuan Yi's Song of Lude, Yuan Yi's Song of Mude and Yuan Yi's Song of Wilder) has been translated into Chinese and has become a classic of Chinese national unity and cultural integration. In addition to poetry, there are also a few prose works, such as Jiang Wei's Book Table, a famous official of Shu and Han Dynasties in Three Kingdoms, which can also be regarded as the Chinese creation of southwest Qiang people.
Southwest China is a multi-ethnic area, and the cultural exchanges between Di, Qiang, Tibetan and Chinese have a long history. In the early 1980s, Ma Xueliang edited Selected Works of China Minority Literature (published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House 198 1). The book is divided into five volumes, and * * * has collected more than 600 ancient and modern folk literature works and writers' works of 55 ethnic minorities, making it the first far-reaching collection of ethnic minority literature. "Hui, Manchu, Bai, Naxi, etc. I have produced my own works by Chinese writers, "the preface reads. Among them, Poems on the Way by Yang Qikun, a famous poet in Nanzhao, is the earliest writer's literary works included in this book. Yang Qikun also has the poem "Green Jade Embedded in Rock", which is included in "Southern Yunnan Poetry Talk".
Except for Yang Qikun, the two poems written by Nanzhao Wang's "Xing Hui Festival Accommodation and Qingping Official Fu" and the imperial court's Qingping Official Fu Zhao are not only harmonious in rhythm, but also close to the works of ministers or ministers in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and mixed with later ministers and envoys (prime ministers).
According to "Biography of Tubo in the Old Tang Dynasty", in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan in the early Tang Dynasty (64 1), Songzan Gambu proposed to Emperor Taizong, and Princess Wencheng married Tubo. Tubo began to "release the carpet, attack all kinds of things, and gradually admire the Han style; He also sent the children of Tusi to Chinese studies to study poetry and calligraphy, and invited "literati and writers to express their simplicity" in the Tang Dynasty, and they had very close contacts. In Tang Zhongzong, Tubo also sent ministers to marry Princess Jincheng, such as Shangzantu and Hunting in Shi Ming (a work called Hunting in Shi Ming). Among them, Shi Ming Hunt is a Scheeren, and his attainments in Chinese studies are very high. In the Book of Tubo Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty, he was said to be "a knowledgeable minister", "at that time, the court called him a scholar", and the emperor also gave him special courtesy. "It is particularly worth mentioning that he also participated in games and poetry couplets between Zhongzong and ministers. On the fifth day of the first month in the fourth year of Qianlong (7 10), he moved to Penglai Palace and the Royal Daming Hall, where he learned about kurama's riding, because it was a Bailiang couplet. At the end of the couplet written by the monarch and the minister, it was obvious that the hunter took the initiative to ask for a pen, and in Chinese, he said, "Jade is the origin of birthday present", which not only accurately expressed the meaning, but also conformed to the rules, which was no less than the previous practice of ministers in the Tang Dynasty, and made everyone sit up and take notice. " I was very happy and got the clothes. "His poems are still preserved in the whole Tang poetry, leaving the earliest precious literature records of ancient Tibetan compatriots' Chinese creation, which has also become a typical historical material for ethnic Chinese creation.
During the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Persian poets Li Xun and Li Shunxian, who lived in Zizhou, Sichuan, made great achievements in Chinese writing. Although Li Xun wrote Qiong Yao Ji, he still has 54 poems, which are very dazzling among the West Shu ci groups in Huajian Ji. As masters of Shu, Wang Yanzhao Yi and Li Shunxian have poems such as Ying Zhi of Gong Shu, which all show the achievements of ethnic literature and Chinese creation in Southwest China.
In the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Chinese writing of ethnic minorities in Southwest China and other places was further developed. Yuwen Xuzhong, a descendant of Xianbei nationality in Chengdu, Sichuan, and his son Yuwen Shaozhuang are the representatives, and Yuwen Shao Zhuang has an eight-array map passed down from generation to generation. The nobles in southwest Dali are white and full, and their Chinese literacy is very high. Duan Fu is the uncle of Duan Xingzhi, who wrote poems such as "On the White Cliff Road in Spring". Until Dali's death, he was still in charge of the Yunnan military by Yuan Shizu's orders. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Princess Agai, the wife of Duan Gong, the general manager of Dali, was originally Mongolian. This poem of grief and indignation was written with sincere feelings, which expressed her sincere love with Duan Gong and became the original record of a tragic and touching love tragedy.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the creation of China minority poetry and prose has made great progress, not only the number of writers has doubled, but also a large number of personal collections of writers have been handed down. Doluoken's Poem Narration of Chinese Writing of Ethnic Minorities in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (published by China Social Sciences Press 20 14) is more detailed, and roughly counts hundreds of Chinese collections of ethnic minority writers in ancient southwest China. Although many have been lost, there are at least 80 existing writers, including some writers who have great influence in the country, many of whom belong to literary families. Such as Mu Gong, Mu Zeng, Mu Gong, Xue Shan Geng Zi, Song Wanyin Juan, Yu Hu You Lu, etc. Zhao Fan, a Bai nationality in Yunnan, is the author of Wuhou Temple and Poems to Lake Village (Episodes 1, 2 and 3). Mo Youzhi, a Buyi writer in Guizhou, is known as the great Confucianism in Southwest China. However, at present, only a small number of collected works of writers have been compiled, and most of them have not yet been compiled, which is extremely unfavorable to the understanding, evaluation and in-depth study of minority literature achievements. In recent years, some large-scale series published, such as 1300 kinds of Collection of Poems and Proses in Qing Dynasty (600 volumes), Collection of Poems and Proses in Qing Dynasty (800 volumes) and 4,000 kinds of Collection of Poems and Proses in Qing Dynasty, are very impressive, but the number of collections about ethnic minorities in China is limited. One of the important reasons is that the Chinese materials of ethnic minorities are scattered as a whole, and the collection of ancient Chinese books of ethnic minorities in southwest China is especially difficult to find and lacks sorting. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the relevant situation in order to further sort out the research.
Although some achievements have been made in the research and collation of Chinese books of southwest ethnic minorities, the research situation is still relatively weak on the whole. No matter the engraving, manuscript or manuscript, they are not sorted out and scattered everywhere, which brings great inconvenience to the research, and is not conducive to the in-depth research, analysis and overall evaluation of his literary achievements, nor to the comprehensive understanding of national culture and the protection and inheritance of national documents. At present, it is necessary to integrate strength, intensify efforts, excavate and organize, rescue and protect.
Among the ethnic minorities in the southwest of China, there are about 9 ethnic groups, namely Bai, Naxi, Yi, Qiang, Hui, Tujia, Buyi, Miao and Dong. These ethnic groups all have Han poetry collections, especially Bai, Naxi, Yi and Hui. Their collections are mainly preserved as follows. First of all, there are 24 ancient Bai writers, with nearly 40 collections of poems and essays and about 2.5 million words of literary works. Secondly, it focuses on Naxi poets and anthologies: in the Ming Dynasty, Mufu family was the main one, mostly Mugong, and then Muzeng. In addition, Mu Qing has Qing Yin in Yushui, and there are more than 20 Naxi poems such as Yang Zhulu and Sang Dou Ying in Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, the Yi people are mainly left, left, left Wenxi, left Jiamo, left, left, left, Zhang Zuo Sun and left Xijun. Gao Guangyu, Gao Houde and other poems; Yu Jiaju, Yu, Yu Ruotang and other poems of Yu; Lu Dazong's poems; Lu Hong's poems; Li Yuncheng's poems; An Luzhen's poems; Poems of Huang Siyong; Wait a minute. Finally, there are more than a dozen poems by Hui writers such as Mu Ang and Ma Zhilong and Tujia writers such as He Chen. Qiang, Buyi, Miao and Dong writers are few in number, but some of them have great influence, such as Mo Youzhi. These situations are worthy of in-depth study.
It is of great academic value and far-reaching practical significance to sort out and study the selected Chinese documents of various nationalities in Southwest China. Ethnic minorities in southwest China are also constantly following the footsteps of the Chinese nation's reproduction and blending. For example, the rich literature of the Qiang nationality is not only an inseparable part of China's multi-ethnic literature treasure house, but also contains its survival code that has gone through hardships without losing its characteristics. The literature of various nationalities is not only closely related to the literature of China, but also the literature of multi-nationalities in Southwest China permeates and influences each other. For example, Yang Shen, a Sichuan poet who claimed to be the first writer in the Ming Dynasty, basically lived in Yunnan for the rest of his life, and spared no effort to recommend and introduce Yunnan writers such as Mu Gong, which played a positive role in promoting cultural exchanges and Chinese poetry creation in southwest ethnic areas. From this, we can also explore the process and universal law of interaction and mutual promotion of multi-ethnic literature in China, and at the same time have a new understanding of the great contribution of all ethnic groups to Chinese, the characteristics of Chinese as a carrier of multi-ethnic cultural connotation and the important value of condensing the wisdom of all ethnic groups. It is of special significance for the discipline construction of historical materials of national literature and the protection of national culture to comprehensively clean up and integrate selected documents of minority languages in southwest China. It is of great academic and practical value to enhance people's understanding of rich national culture and literary achievements, rescue and protect national cultural resources, explore effective ways for the prosperity and development of national literature, and promote the national unity of the motherland and the harmonious development of modern society.
(This paper is a phased achievement of the major project of the National Social Science Fund "Poetry Series of Ancient Southwest Minorities in China" (17ZDA262).
Author: School of Literature and Journalism and Communication, Southwest University for Nationalities.
The original text was published in China Journal of Social Sciences.
Source: China Social Science Network 20 19-08- 18.
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