First, ideological content
It has been mentioned that both Liu Yong and Jiang Yan associate farewell with sadness, but this does not mean that the thoughts and feelings expressed in farewell poems are invariably expressed by farewell sadness. The following is a more specific summary of the ideological content of farewell poems, which can be roughly divided into the following seven situations:
1, the sadness of parting.
For example, the second sentence of Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Zhou Shu" uses the words "wind and smoke see no Tianjin" to connect Qin and Shu, which are thousands of miles apart. Seeing Shuchuan from Chang 'an, the line of sight is obscured by misty wind and rain, which indirectly shows the sentimental feeling of parting.
2, considerate relief
Take the poem above as an example. After the poet expressed his sadness in the second sentence, the emotional tone changed immediately in the next triple. The author comforted his friend that this difference is only the difference between guests and guests. As long as there is a connection between us, even if we are far away from Qianshan, aren't we like close neighbors? This poem is extremely comforting and becomes a chicken soup with a warm and lonely heart.
Take care of your kind wishes for the road ahead
Wang Wei's poem "Send Two Ambassadors to Anxi" also has a general feeling of farewell. However, because my friend's "going west to Yangguan" is a feat, there is no sadness in the poem, but the imagination of "going west to Yangguan for no reason" contains the sincere wishes of the poet's friends.
4. Worries about a difficult future
Meng Haoran fell in love with the scenery in the third sentence of his poem "Send Du fourteen times to the south of the Yangtze River". As soon as my friend set out, he thought of "where to stop sailing in the sunset" The river is slender, where should the sail stop? In his farewell, the poet expressed his concern about his friend's difficult future.
5. Confessions of Chen Xinzhi
Some farewell poems often express their feelings by saying goodbye. Such as Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Parting". The last two sentences of the poem: "Luoyang relatives and friends ask each other, and there is a piece of ice in the jade pot." Then, besides saying goodbye to sentimentality, I will find another way to express my noble character, my arrogant and strong character, and farewell can kill two birds with one stone.
Step 6 actively encourage
Appreciate poetry, know people and discuss the world. The poems of poets in the early Tang Dynasty are always full of positive and optimistic spirit. Chen Ziang's poem "Send David to the Army" was written with friends in the bustling imperial city. There was always some disappointment in each other's hearts, but this emotion was only lightly taken, and the poet immediately turned this disappointment into the responsibility of serving the country. The whole poem ends with two sentences: "Don't stay on the mountain, staying in Han will make great achievements". The author encourages friends to make contributions beyond the Great Wall, not only to leave behind the achievements of Han generals on Ran Yanshan, but also to have brilliant military achievements of soldiers in the Tang Dynasty. The whole poem is in one go, full of positive and enterprising pride.
7. Sorrow and yearning in all directions.
Zheng Gu's Farewell to Friends in Huaishang is different from other farewell poems. This is a farewell to each other. Friends crossed the river south to Xiaoxiang, while they went north to Chang 'an. The last sentence of the poem, "Xiang Jun Xiaoxiang and I Qin Xiang", seems only to illustrate their respective trips. In fact, in simple words, it shows infinite sadness in all directions and deep yearning in different ways between North and South.
Through the analysis of the above ideological content, we find that the emotion of farewell poems is often not single. In addition to expressing farewell and nostalgia, it often entrusts the poet's personal life experience, shows the poet's temperament and quality, or highlights the style of the times. When analyzing the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we must learn to think from multiple angles and levels, and we must not miss all the details.
Second, common expression skills
The thoughts and feelings of poetry are always expressed by means of expression, and the common expression methods of farewell poems are as follows.
1, direct lyric
For example, in Gao Shi's "Seeing Dongda", "Mo Chou doesn't know the way forward, and everyone in the world knows you?" Express your feelings in two sentences, "borrow someone else's cup and water your own block", and express your confidence and strength although you are not proud.
2. Love is in the scene, and the scene is harmonious.
Poetry pays attention to implication, expressing emotions is often full of twists and turns, and often adopts the method of combining scenes. This technique is the most commonly used and typical in farewell poems. For example, in Liu Yong's poem "Lin Yuling", the sentence "I miss it, and it is thousands of miles away, and the evening is heavy." On the surface, what I wrote was a misty and confused road, which is Xiu Yuan. In fact, what I want to express is the idea of leaving sadness, and the feelings in the scene are implicit.
3. Imaginary association (combination of reality and reality)
In farewell poems, imagination and association are often used in addition to the technique of blending scenes. This combination of reality and reality, such as Liu Changqing's "Send Yan Shiyuan", the third joint wrote: "The lonely sail on the sunset river, the grass is green in Wan Li, Hunan." The poet sailed away from the sunset in front of him, thinking that the place where Yan Shiyuan listened should be Cao Qing, Wan Li. This is a combination of reality and fiction, which broadens the artistic conception of the poem and fully shows the poet's feelings of parting and missing his friends. This technique is difficult to grasp in appreciation and requires us to have a pair of wings of imagination.
4. Figurative rhetoric
In order to concretize abstract emotions, poets especially favor metaphors in their poems, and metaphors are more common in farewell poems because they are good at using scenery to create an atmosphere of sadness and parting. Look at the word "Liu Zaoqing" written by Liu Qian, a poet in the Song Dynasty: Pan-chrysanthemum cup washing, blowing plum blossoms far away, all in the capital. If we don't get together, we will be alone in the clouds and duckweed on the water. How can we teach people not to get hurt? Feel a few degrees, the soul flies and dreams are shocked. Acacia after night, dust goes with the horse, and the moon goes with the boat. This poem mainly uses figurative rhetoric when expressing feelings. In the last film, the metaphor of "a lonely goose on the cloud and a duckweed on the water" is used to express the feeling of loneliness and the pain of parting. The following film also shows that his heart will always follow his friend Lu Meipo's horse like flying dust, and follow Lu Meipo's boat everywhere like the bright moon to express his thoughts and feelings of parting.
Third, the classic example.
In 2007, Jiangsu College Entrance Examination designed such a poem appreciation question:
Read the following Song lyrics and then answer this question.
Send someone away on partridge day.
Xin Qiji
The tears of singing "Yangguan" haven't dried yet, and it is necessary to add food to fame and fortune. I will send infinite trees on floating days and bury half the mountain with rain clouds. Throughout the ages, there have been more than a thousand kinds of annoying things. Is it only parting that makes people sad and gathering that makes people smile? Jiangtou is not a storm, and there is no place on earth that is difficult to go.
(1) What are the thoughts and feelings of "floating in the air to send infinite trees, and rain clouds buried in the middle of the mountain"? What kind of expression is used?
The title of this word is "Give away". What are the two new ideas written in the next film?
Reference answer: (1) The author looks at the distance, the water and the sky meet, and the trees are far away, showing a feeling of reluctance; Dark clouds with rain covered most of the mountain, and the road was stormy, showing concern for blessing peace; The mountains are high and the water is long, expressing the depressed feelings about the future confusion. Use the lyric technique of borrowing scenery (or feeling in the scenery).
(2) Parting (meeting) should not be regarded as the only sad (happy) thing in the world. The storms in the world are far more sinister than the storms on the road.
To sum up, I have a general understanding of the common thoughts, feelings and artistic techniques of farewell poems. With this understanding, we can have an advantage in appreciating farewell poems. Through the exploration of classic examples, we will find that there are rules to follow in answering appreciation questions. If it is ideological appreciation, it is necessary to grasp the key images, appreciate the reasons or basis of emotion, and then clarify the emotions expressed by images. If it is about the appreciation of expression techniques, we should first make clear what expression techniques are used, and then combine specific poems to analyze and appreciate this technique, what kind of artistic effect is achieved, and what kind of thoughts and feelings are conveyed.