In the pre-Qin period, the customs of the north and the south were different, but May 5th, as a "festival", had its own emphasis.
In the Warring States period, people regarded May 5th as an "evil month" and an "evil day". "Big Dai Li" says: "Save orchids for bathing on May 5."
Qin Dynasty:
After the Qin Dynasty, due to the national unification and the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, customs and habits were also integrated, and the Dragon Boat Festival was formed on the basis of the integration of customs between the north and the south. However, according to the current literature, the custom of Dragon Boat Festival in the Han Dynasty was mainly to avoid evil.
Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties:
During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, people suffered from frequent wars, so the most important custom of the Dragon Boat Festival was "setting aside troops". It is made into the shape of the sun, the moon, the stars, birds and animals by dyeing and practicing with five-color silk, and embroidered with embroidery and golden thread, which is called the "Bing Bing", and it is also named as the "Long Life Thread" or "Continued Life Thread" after the Han Dynasty.
sui and Tang dynasties:
during the sui and Tang dynasties, the dragon boat festival inherited the previous dynasties in terms of customs and forms. However, in terms of nature, most of the festivals and customs activities that used to have specific significance have evolved into holiday entertainment activities. The "evil day" is no longer evil, and it is full of festive joy. In Tang Xuanzong's "Dragon Boat Festival Three Halls Banquet", it was recorded that the palace was in full swing at noon, and elegant courtiers were invited to have a big banquet. "The halls were quiet and clear, and the trees were deep and the wind was long."
The folk activities of the Dragon Boat Festival in the Tang Dynasty are similar to those in the previous generation. For example, "Youyang Miscellaneous" records: "Northern women enter the five-hour map and five-hour flower on the fifth day, and put them on the account. It is the day that enters the long life, and turns the knot, all of which are brought by portraits. " Longevity wisp, but the production is different, it is more decorative to form a human form with silk wisp. Five-hour pictures are five poisonous snakes, bats, toads, lizards and the like, which are the precursors of the five poisonous pictures, and this custom has always influenced the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The afternoon flower is pomegranate flower, and May is the time when pomegranate flowers bloom. In the Tang dynasty, corn dumplings were also refurbished. "Wenchang Zalu" records: "On the fifth day of the Tang Dynasty, there were hundreds of dumplings and nine dumplings." In Tang Xuanzong's poem "Banquet at the Three Halls of the Dragon Boat Festival", there is a saying that "the acupoints are filled with aura, and the filaments are delicious, and the flowers in four seasons compete skillfully, and the nine sons compete for novelty." "Baisuo Zongzi" was also a food given by the emperor of the Tang Dynasty to his officials.
The Dragon Boat Race in the Tang Dynasty is especially worthwhile. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous and people's lives were relatively stable. In terms of festival entertainment, on the one hand, it was an upward trend, and on the other hand, some folk customs and activities were also supported by the government. Therefore, the wind of racing is particularly prosperous.
Song Dynasty:
After the Song Dynasty, many customs of the Dragon Boat Festival changed. In the Han and Wei Dynasties, Zhu Suo and Tao Yin were applied to the portal to stop evil spirits from driving away plague and ward off evil spirits, while in the Song Dynasty, they paid attention to sticking to Tianshi symbols. Chen Yuanliang's Guang Ji at the Age of Years quoted Miscellaneous Notes at the Age of Years as saying: "On the Dragon Boat Festival, everyone painted statues of Tianshi to sell." There is also a Zhang Tianshi made of clay, with moxa as the head and garlic as the fist, which is placed on the portal.
in the song dynasty, the customs of the dragon boat festival of the Han nationality were also absorbed by Liao and Jin. For example, "Liao History and Rites" records that the Liao Dynasty's heavy noon ceremony, the emperor had to wear long-lived colorful wisps to sit up. We should also give life to the northern and southern courtiers. In addition to absorbing some Han customs, Jin Guo also has the ritual of worshipping heaven, the custom of shooting willows and the entertainment activities of clapping and bowing during the Dragon Boat Festival. "Jin Shi Sejong Biography" records: In the third year of Dading (AD 1264), Jin Shizong "was lucky to shoot willows in Guangyuan Paradise, and the winner gave something bad, and he returned to the Changwu Temple and gave a banquet. It is natural to be old." This custom is described in detail in Jin Shi Li Zhi. In the golden custom, the ceremony of worshipping heaven was held on the 15th of July and the 9th of July, and a platform was built to worship heaven. After paying homage to heaven for five times, the shooters should be in the order of seniority. Play polo after shooting willow.
Ming and Qing Dynasties:
In the Ming Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival absorbed the custom of shooting willows by Jin people. During the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, there was a play of cutting willow in the forbidden palace, and when the willow was cut, it was shot. Northerners also hid the ostrich in the gourd, hung it from the willow branches and shot it with a bow. If you hit the gourd, the goose will fly out to decide the outcome. This kind of folk competition is also often held on the fifth day of Duanwu, and its origin is the legacy of Liao and Jin Dynasties.
The Dragon Boat Festival was also called "Daughter's Day" in the Ming Dynasty. "A Brief Introduction to the Scenery of the Imperial Capital" says: "From May 1st to 5th, every family decorated their little girls with pomegranate flowers, which was called" Daughter's Day ". Not only the names of festivals are different from those in Song Dynasty, but also the folk customs have changed. Many summer health care activities from the people are also mixed in this festival custom. For example, before noon on May 5th, people would flock to the Temple of Heaven to avoid poison and come out after noon. In the Dragon Boat Festival, we also pay attention to catching frogs and taking toads. The method is to break toad eyebrows with acupuncture and squeeze out toad juice. Toad is a precious traditional Chinese medicine, which can remove poison, reduce fever and swelling, and has a miraculous effect in treating furuncle, malignant gangrene. It is a legacy of the previous generation to drink calamus wine to avoid evil spirits, and to insert mugwort leaves into the door. A new custom in Ming Dynasty is to apply realgar to ears and nose, which is thought to avoid insect poison.
during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the forms of the custom activities of the Dragon Boat Festival changed little, but the scale became more and more popular. In particular, the southern dragon boat race has become a sensational event. According to the "Wuling Race", the dragon boat race is not limited to one day of the Dragon Boat Festival. Instead, it is "unveiling the boat on April 8, launching a new boat on May 1, boating and gambling on May 5, 1 and 15, and delivering the bid on the 18th". There is also "May 17 th and 18 th, and the bidder will be delivered on May 27 th and 27 th." The scale of the race lasted for months. On this matter, "or the government first banned and then rushed, and the people's feelings were first drummed and then stopped."
The custom of sticking celestial symbols on the Dragon Boat Festival, which appeared in the Song Dynasty, became more popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are not only Tianshi symbols, but also five thunder symbols, paper symbols, five poison symbols and five auspicious symbols.
During the Dragon Boat Festival in the Qing Dynasty, the youngest daughter was dressed up, and the married daughter could also go home to mothering, which was called "Daughter's Day".
Modern times:
On May 2th, 26, the Dragon Boat Festival folklore was approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
On December 7, 27, the 198th executive meeting in the State Council adopted the Decision of the State Council on Amending the Measures for Holidays of National New Year and Memorial Day, which officially listed the Dragon Boat Festival as a national statutory holiday and stipulated that the Dragon Boat Festival would be closed for one day in the lunar calendar. [6]
On September 3, 29, at the fourth meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, 76 projects listed in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity were reviewed and approved in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on September 3, and China Dragon Boat Festival was among them. This is the first festival in China that has been selected as an intangible cultural heritage in the world.
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