From the rhetorical point of view, there are mainly figurative sentences, parallelism sentences, comparative sentences and antithetical sentences. From the sentence structure, there are hypothetical sentences, causal sentences, conditional sentences, turning sentences and other forms, mainly the whole sentence.
I. Main problems
1. embedded.
Written sentences are sandwiched between the provided materials, which generally limits the thinking space of sentence expression, and requires proper collocation with the previous and subsequent sentences and consistent sentence patterns.
Example 1: Fill in the appropriate sentences in the horizontal line below to form a compound sentence that echoes before and after. (Question 27 of National Volume 1999)
The people and the country celebrated her 50th birthday. Fifty years is like a long river, with rapids and slow flows; Fifty years is like a painting coupon, with cool colors and warm colors; , ; Fifty years is like an epic, with pain and joy. The long river is flowing, the picture scroll has just begun, and the epic is still being written. We * * * and China are entering a new era with firm steps.
Analysis: This question examines the ability of candidates to use metaphor and parallelism rhetoric. The topic requires candidates to draw up an appropriate figurative sentence in the specified context, and form a coordinate format with the given sentence, but also pay attention to the echo before and after.
(1) The figurative sentence to be written in the first horizontal line: "Fifty years is like ……" is parallel to the preceding and following sentences. (2) "Like ……" is a difficult point, because it needs to be developed on the second horizontal line, and the format of "with … and with …" should be used. (3) The sentences filled in the third horizontal line should echo the contents written in the first and second horizontal lines, and also form parallelism with the sentences before and after.
Reference answer: Fifty years is like a tune, with bass and treble. The music gradually reached its climax.
Example 2: Fill in the appropriate statements in the lines below. Form a group of parallelism sentences.
In life, we need to be sublime. With it, we will get rid of mediocrity, emptiness and even numbness. Once you have this understanding, you will find that the sublime is around you; It may be a mountain that makes you towering; , ; It may be a symphony that makes you understand and stir; , 。
Reference answer: it may be the sea, which makes you feel open; It may be a song with a local accent, so you can have a warm taste.
2. Continuation.
According to the content and sentence patterns of the example, continue to write one or more sentences, so that they form a complete text with the above.
Example 3: Fill in the underlined part with proper words, so that the content before and after the semicolon corresponds to the sentence pattern, and the rhetorical method is the same. (National Volume 200 1 Question 26)
Pessimists say that hope is the horizon, even if it is visible, it will never be reached; Optimists say that hope is …
Optimists say that the wind is the companion of sailing, which can send you to the other side of victory; Pessimists say that the wind is …
Analysis: As far as this topic is concerned, rhetorical methods and sentence patterns are limitations. Rhetorical methods can be understood at a glance; Sentence requirements are not only explained in the stem of the question, but also limited and implied by punctuation marks on the horizontal line of the answer. "Pessimist's Theory" and "Optimist's Theory" are both philosophical, with limitations and guidance. Metaphorical associations such as "hope is" and "wind is" will also make their thinking active.
The reference answer is: ① (Hope) Seven stars, even if they can't be picked, can tell people that the dawn is ahead. The wind is an accomplice of the waves and can bury you in the depths of the sea.
Example 4: Write a sentence according to the meaning of the text and the sentence pattern of the underlined sentence, and then give a positive example.
Without self-knowledge, its harm is endless; Self-knowledge leads to victory. Jiang Gan thinks he is clever, while Liu Chan laughs at himself. Don't they all harm themselves and others? .
Reference answer: Confucius is not ashamed to ask questions, and Liu Bei is not all brilliant in his career.
Don't the advice of Corporal Ping Yuanjun and Emperor Taizong (Gou Jian's humble position, Mao Sui's courage to recommend himself, and Lu Xun's abandonment of medicine) all pass down as beautiful talks and remain immortal?
3. Proposition type
Set a language material, then make a proposition to determine the content, and imitate it according to the example.
Example 5: Imitate the following two figurative sentences and write two figurative sentences with the same sentence pattern, starting from time. (1998 question 33 of the college entrance examination)
Books are like a ladder, which can lead us to the temple of knowledge. Books are like a key, which will help us open the window of wisdom in our hearts.
Time. (No more than 60 words)
Analysis: This question should not only imitate the coordinate sentence, but also make two metaphors with "time". When answering questions, we must pay attention to the following points: (1) We must take "time" as the ontology; (2) The sentence structure must be the same as the example; (3) Pay attention to the cohesion between the two sentences; (4) The number of words cannot exceed the specified number.
Reference answer: (1) Time is like a sharp knife, which can leave a deep mark on smooth skin; Time is like a mirror, in which all right and wrong can be revealed.
(2) Time is like a good medicine, which can heal people's broken hearts; Time is like a bright lamp, which can illuminate every footprint of life.
Example 6: The following two sentences are both written as "hypocrisy". The first sentence is direct and concise; After constant analogy, vivid. Please choose a word from "friendship", "courage" and "trust" and write two sentences in imitation. (26 questions in the national volume in 2000)
Hypocrisy and fraud produce evil. ([America] Edison)
Aphids eat grass, rust eats iron, and hypocrisy eats soul. ([Russia] Chekhov)
Analysis: This question has many conditions and strict restrictions, which avoids the phenomenon of paying attention to one thing and losing another. For example, pay attention to the requirements of content and ignore the requirements of sentence patterns; Pay attention to the similarity of sentence patterns, but forget the nature of the content; Some analogies are appropriate, but the sentence patterns are different. Therefore, the general requirements are reasonable content, appropriate metaphor and similar sentence patterns.
4. Open style
Generally speaking, there are two forms:
No language materials are provided, only content or form is required, and the content or form of written sentences is implied in the respondent's past reading vision.
(2) Only in the form of example sentences, not limited to the content of imitation.
Example 7: Write another set of sentences according to the following figurative form. Need to choose a new ontology and a carrier with complete meaning. (The number of words is not required to be the same as the original sentence) (Question 25 of the National College Entrance Examination in 2002)
The sea is the dictionary of water;
Spray is a radical,
The sound of waves is a series of sounds,
Fish, shrimp and seagulls are the characteristics of the sea.
Analysis: This parody topic is different from the past, focusing on rhetorical devices, but the requirements for sentence patterns are broader. From the perspective of metaphor, we should first understand the relationship between two aspects: first, there is an inclusive relationship between sea and water, waves and waves, fish and shrimp, seagulls, and second, there is an inclusive relationship between dictionaries and radicals, phonology and characters. Formally speaking, although there are no strict requirements, they are generally similar and cannot be completely separated, regardless of the characteristics of examples.
Reference answer: career is the building of life/pursuit is the pillar/struggle is the brick/enthusiasm is the scaffold of career success.
Life is the tree of life/birth is the bud/process is the trunk/achievement, and contribution is the leaves and fruits.
Example 8: Following the example, rewrite the following two tips to make them friendly and vivid without losing the original intention. (6 points) (2003 college entrance examination questions)
Tip: No climbing flowers or littering (in the park).
Rewritten as: bring nothing but memories and leave nothing but footprints.
Tip: Don't make noise or fight (in the teaching building).
Rewritten as:
Tip: newspapers are not allowed to be taken out (in the reading room), and offenders will be fined.
Rewritten as:
Reference answers: "Give peace to others, leave politeness to everyone" or "Wisdom is born of silence, but lost to laughter" and "Noisy loses your elegance, and slapstick destroys your temperament"
"Only wisdom, only virtue."
Example 9: Write a parallelism sentence centering on "success" and "failure".
Example 10: imitate the following epigram, choose two things and make two sentences.
Ear of rice-an empty man's head is always held highest.
Basketball-always fall into the trap because someone is afraid of you.
Fireworks-shining with touching brilliance in the dedication of life.
Reference answer: sofa-weakness is not necessarily incompetence.
Balloon-it's too easy to explode because someone blows at you.
Green leaves-dazzling aura can not be separated from you.
Shells-only beautiful shells, no substantive connotation.
Shake the grass-listen to the strongest wind.
Second, imitation requirements
1. The sentence patterns are consistent.
Test questions often give example sentence patterns or require the same sentence patterns as underlined sentences. In this way, whether the sentence meets the requirements is the key. Sometimes what you want to imitate is a phrase. First of all, consider the structure of the phrase. For example, the example sentence is a subject-predicate structure, so should the parody sentence.
2. Unified content
In content, parody should be naturally connected with context, coherent and unified, and form a relatively complete organic narrative level or discourse structure. Imitation sentences are often required to be consistent with the given context and content. It often involves issues such as emotional consistency and style consistency. If the sentences given are all compliments, then the imitated sentences should be consistent with them, otherwise it will be very uncoordinated and inconsistent.
3. Rhetoric is appropriate
The college entrance examination is often a combination of sentence test and rhetoric test. In terms of examination questions, rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, antithesis and questioning are more likely to appear. The requirement for proper rhetoric increases the difficulty of the examination questions. Of course, the three aspects of "consistent sentence pattern" and "unified content ..." are not completely separated, but often combined, which requires comprehensive use of relevant skills and methods.
Third, the solution to the problem
1. Carefully examine the questions and find out the requirements of the questions.
① Question type requirements. Make clear whether it is embedded imitation or continuous imitation, or propositional and open imitation.
② Rhetorical requirements. Make clear whether to use metaphor or parallelism, or figures of speech such as comparison, analogy and rhetorical question, or use several figures of speech at the same time.
③ Other requirements. Such as phonology, reference, etc.
2. Carefully analyze the language materials provided and grasp the theme and context of the materials.
3. Carefully analyze the example sentences and find out the following characteristics of the example sentences:
(1) Understand the meaning of example sentences, especially the implied meaning, and ensure that the imitated ten-day meaning is consistent with the original ten-day meaning.
(2) Pay attention to the sentence characteristics of example sentences, especially the relationship between clauses, and even related words should be one-to-one.
(3) Pay attention to the rhetorical methods of example sentences, and parody sentences should be consistent with them.
(4) Pay attention to the characteristics of the words used in example sentences, such as the praise and criticism of elegant and popular colors, and the words used in parody sentences should be similar to them.
⑤ Pay attention to the emotional tone of the example, such as sadness, joy, heaviness and liveliness. And parody should be consistent with it.
4. Organize language imitation writing.
5. Compare the imitation sentence with the example sentence and with the requirements to see if it meets the requirements completely.