A school of literature that appeared in the United States after World War II. Some people translate the English words "Beats" and "Beatniks" (commonly known as "beat youth") into "hermit youth" or "tired school", while others describe some features of their poems as "beat movement" or "beat school". The "beat youth" were dissatisfied with the reality of postwar American society and forced by the reactionary political pressure of McCarthyism, so they protested in a "refined" way. They wear strange clothes, despise traditional ideas, hate their studies and work, and wander at the bottom of society for a long time, forming a unique social circle and philosophy of life. In the early 1950s, their rebellious mood showed a tendency of "underground literature", which impacted the rule of conservative culture. Most of the beat writers come from the east. The famous ones are Jack Kerouac, allen ginsberg, William Barros and Gregory. Corzo, John Clarence Holmes, Samuel Kramer and gary snyder. 1950, Kerouac and Barros failed to write a detective novel together, but they each finished a beat novel Town and City (195 1) and Drug Addicts (1953). Inspired by this, Holmes reflected the life feelings of new york's "beat youth" more clearly in his novel Let's Go (1952), and advocated beat literature in The New York Times. However, this attempt was suppressed by the eastern academic forces, who went to the west to seek the same way and development base. At that time, there was a beat organization headed by Lawrence Lipton in West Venice, a suburb of Los Angeles. He published the novel The Holy Barbarian on 1955. In San Francisco, there are a group of anti-academic poets who are determined to engage in the Renaissance around Lawrence Foehlinger's "City Lights" bookstore. Their leader is Kenneth Rexroth, who later became a "Beat Generation" theorist.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/955, the "beat literati" and anti-academic poets (including San Francisco poets and Montenegro poets) jointly held a poetry reading meeting in San Francisco, and the beat literary works became popular from then on. At the meeting, Ginsburg recited his long poem "Howl", which was known as "the wasteland of 1950s". This poem expresses the pain and self-abandonment of "my generation elite" with the wail of resentment, and denounces the militarized and commercialized society under the rule of "Morlock". 1956, his poems were published, which caused a sensation throughout the country. 1957, Kerouac's novel On the Road was published, which described the life of the beat elements wandering around and fascinated a large number of depressed young people, and was regarded as a "life textbook". After the publication of these two works, magazines such as Evergreen Review and Montenegro Review published special issues one after another and recommended them. Norman mailer's White Negro (1957), which is regarded as the declaration of American existentialism, and his defense of Barros' novels in the Boston trial in 1960, theoretically demonstrated the meaning of "broken literature". Commercial propaganda has made American youth accept the "broken" lifestyle, from jazz, swing dancing, smoking marijuana and sexual indulgence to attending Buddhist prayer and "backpack revolution" (referring to roaming), which has become a trend for a while.
The core of the "Beat School" philosophy of life is the survival of individuals in contemporary society. Holmes and Mailer borrowed the concept of European existentialism and advocated grasping themselves by satisfying sensory desires. Snyder and Rexroth absorbed the theory of Zen and faced the crisis of existence with nihilism. Politically, they flaunt themselves as "rebels without goals, agitators without slogans and revolutionaries without platforms". In terms of art, according to Rexroth's Divorce: The Art of the Beat Generation (1957), they are "characterized by total denial of elegant culture". Kerouac invented the writing method of "spontaneous prose" and Charles Olson's theory of "radiation poetry", which was widely sought after by "beat literati".
The "Beat Literature" movement, led by the above-mentioned artistic views, although short-lived and mixed with a lot of unhealthy factors, still left a certain influence in the history of American literature. A large number of "beat poems" have been circulated among young people for a long time because of their popularization and anti-symbolism tendency. As far as novels are concerned, Kerouac wrote a group of "novels on the road" by spontaneous expression, including On the Road, Underground Man (1958), Damocles Tramp (1958) and Treaster Sa (1959). One of their characteristics is that they inherited the tradition of writing vagrancy in American literature initiated by Mark Twain's The Adventures of Hakberg Faith, and formed a model imitated by other novelists of the same age, in which the protagonist wandered around in order to escape the dirty environment and seek freedom and home. Another feature of them is that the protagonist openly talks about his situation and feelings and makes self-analysis. This "personal news style" technique has been greatly developed in the Indian era.
Barros's descriptions of atrocities, depravity, drug abuse and crime are second to none among the writers of the "Beat Generation". At the same time, he made bold experiments in language and novel form, and pieced together and changed the structure of the novel through "tailoring". His masterpiece "Naked Lunch" (1959) caused a harmonious lawsuit dispute because it reflected the underground life of "real hell". Later works, such as Nova Express (1964), Soft Machine (1966) and Explosive Train Tickets (1967), also used the method of mixing reality with dreams, which fully showed the author's cold humor of hating society. Later, some people listed Barros as ".
Deep reading:
http://yanf . org/old/wall root/beat/other beats/other beats . htm
Http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/Ishikawa/amlit/b/beats21.htm.