1. Mobile operations, no base areas, no stable logistics support. 2. No complete theoretical system. 3. After the rise, the insurgents had no formal leadership.
Why did the Huang Chao Uprising fail?
1. No uprising base area has been established
Since Wang Xianzhi's uprising, the insurgents in Huang Chao have spread all over the country, crossing the Yangtze River four times and the Yellow River twice, repeatedly breaking through the Tang Jun defense line and occupying many areas. However, the insurgents in Huang Chao always fought on the move. After occupying new areas, they abandoned the original areas. Huang Chao never established a real peasant uprising base, which was the main reason for the failure of the Huang Chao uprising and one of the main reasons for the failure of the Li Zicheng uprising.
2. Not enterprising after occupying Chang 'an
After Huang Chao occupied Chang 'an in 88 AD, he thought that the uprising had been successful and was busy establishing his own political power. He did not catch up with Tang Xizong who fled to Sichuan in time, nor did he strike while the iron was hot to destroy the enemy's effective strength, allowing Tang Xizong to regain his strength in Sichuan. As a result, he was defeated by the Tang Dynasty, which had already caught his breath. At that time, there were still tens of thousands of imperial troops in the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty who stayed in Guanzhong. Huang Chao not only did not send troops to destroy them, but also gave them the opportunity to regroup and attack Chang 'an. Because of Tang Fengxiang's efforts to make Zheng Yi and his surrender, Huang Chao relaxed his vigilance against them. Zheng Yi secretly contacted Tang Xizong, who fled to Sichuan, and gathered the imperial guards scattered around Guanzhong around him, and then "finished the city, repaired the equipment, and trained the soldiers", and conspired with the neighboring buffer regions to resist the rebels, becoming the enemy of Huang Chao.
Why did the Huang Chao Uprising fail
1. After the capture of Chang 'an, the life of the leadership of the rebel army was corrupted
2. The internal leaders of the rebel army fought for power and profit, and the army was divided. Some of them took refuge in the Tang Dynasty, which seriously weakened the fighting capacity of the rebel army
3. Li Keyong, a Shatuo nationality, was ordered to suppress the rebel army.
the reason of Huang Chao uprising
the hardships of people's life in the late Tang dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, although there was some social and economic development in the south of the Yangtze River, from the emperor to the officials at all levels, the people were squeezed "only thinking about exhaustion, not worrying about no fish". Liu Yunzhang, a scholar of Hanlin in Xuanzong, pointed out that at that time, the state was "nine broken" and the people had "eight hardships". The people could not live, so they had to rise up against the landlord class and its * * *.
In December of 859 (13th year of Dazhong), Qiu Fu led the peasant uprising in eastern Zhejiang. In October, 868, Pang Xun led the garrison uprising in Guilin. It opened the prelude to the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty.
the outbreak of the Great Uprising and mobile operations. At the end of 874 (the first year of Ganfu), Wang Xianzhi, a smuggler in pu zhou (Pucheng, Fanxian County, Henan Province), revolted in Changyuan (northeast of Changyuan, Henan Province), and issued an obituary, denouncing Tang officials for "greedy officials, giving heavy weight and unfair rewards and punishments". Wang Xianzhi claimed to be "an average general". This shows that he wants to help heaven and change the social reality of uneven wealth. In June of the same year, the insurgents captured pu zhou and Cao Zhou (Caoxian County, Shandong Province) and defeated Tang Tianping, our time, Xue Chong. The following year, Huang Chao also gathered people to respond.
Huang Chao, a wrongdoer in Cao Zhou, has been selling salt for generations. I read poetry books in my childhood, learned to ride and shoot, and failed in the imperial examination. He was very dissatisfied with the darkness of the society at that time. He wrote poems entitled "The Chrysanthemum" and "The Last Chrysanthemum", expressing his determination to change the reality.
after conquering Luoyang, the rebel army quickly marched westward, passed through Tongguan, and entered Chang 'an, Tang Dou on January 8, 881 (December of the first year of Guangming). Nuo zong led eunuchs such as Tian Lingzi to flee to Chengdu. The rebel army "rode like a stream, and the trench blocked the road." Shang Rang comforted the people and said, "The Yellow King started his army for the people, not like Li, who didn't love you Cao. You Cao, but don't be afraid to live in peace. "
Huang Chao took the throne in Chang' an, with a great title, changed to the Jin Dynasty, took Shang Rang and others as prime ministers, and Zhu Wen as generals, and established a peasant regime.
when Tang Jun launched a counter-offensive in 882 (neutralization year), the situation took a turn for the worse. At this critical juncture, General Zhu Wen defected to Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an defense line collapsed and the battle was defeated. Huang Chao led his troops out of Chang 'an and into Henan. When crossing the Bianhe River, he was attacked by loyalists, and the team broke up. Let others defect, and Huang Chao led more than a thousand people into Shandong. On June 17th, 884 (the fourth year of neutralization), he committed suicide in the Wolf-Tiger Valley of Mount Tai, and the uprising failed.
Although the peasant uprising led by Huang Chao failed, it has far-reaching historical significance. The leader's call for heaven to supplement the average general and the soaring general reflects that the rebel army has vague requirements for equality and equality, which indicates that the peasant uprising has entered a new stage. In the struggle, the rebel army paid attention to dividing the enemy, avoiding the reality and using mobile tactics. In the past ten years, it passed through 12 provinces and traveled more than 2, miles. This is a pioneering work in the history of peasant war.
The peasant war at the end of the Tang Dynasty basically disintegrated the decadent rule of the Tang Dynasty, hit the economy of the big landlord Zhuangtian, swept away the remnants of the gate valve, and made the remaining gentry's gate valve "dead". As a result, the problems of land concentration and peasants' flight were alleviated, the number of yeomen increased, and the status of tenants changed slightly. This provided favorable conditions for the social and economic development of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty.
Why did the uprising in Huang Chao end in failure? There are
1. No uprising base area was established.
Since the uprising in Wang Xianzhi, the rebels in Huang Chao have spread all over the country, crossing the Yangtze River four times and the Yellow River twice, repeatedly breaking through the Tang Jun defense line and occupying many areas. However, the insurgents in Huang Chao always fought on the move. After occupying new areas, they abandoned the original areas. Huang Chao never established a real peasant uprising base, which was the main reason for the failure of the Huang Chao uprising and one of the main reasons for the failure of the Li Zicheng uprising.
2. Not enterprising after occupying Chang 'an
After Huang Chao occupied Chang 'an in 88 AD, he thought that the uprising had been successful and was busy establishing his own political power. He did not catch up with Tang Xizong who fled to Sichuan in time, nor did he strike while the iron was hot to destroy the enemy's effective strength, allowing Tang Xizong to regain his strength in Sichuan. As a result, he was defeated by the Tang Dynasty, which had already caught his breath. At that time, there were still tens of thousands of imperial troops in the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty who stayed in Guanzhong. Huang Chao not only did not send troops to destroy them, but also gave them the opportunity to regroup and attack Chang 'an. Because of Tang Fengxiang's efforts to make Zheng Yi and his surrender, Huang Chao relaxed his vigilance against them. Zheng Yi secretly contacted Tang Xizong, who fled to Sichuan, and gathered the imperial guards scattered around Guanzhong around him, and then "finished the city, repaired the equipment, and trained the soldiers", and conspired with the neighboring buffer regions to resist the rebels, becoming the enemy of Huang Chao.
What are the main reasons for the failure of the Li Zicheng Uprising?
The traditional view holds the peasant uprisings in an unprincipled way, and regards the leaders of peasant uprisings in history as great heroes to promote historical progress. Because Li Zicheng's peasant army occupied the capital and directly overthrew the rule of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng's "achievements" were highly praised by historians. However, Li Zicheng, who enjoyed a great reputation, only lasted for more than a month in Beijing, and quickly perished. Many scholars felt sorry for Li Zicheng. What mistakes led Li Zicheng to become a tragic figure?
I don't know how to win over the influence of the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng was born as a post-courier. In his mind, perhaps the royal family of the Ming Dynasty has completely lost its orthodox position and has no use value! He didn't understand at all that the Ming emperors, who lasted for 276 years, still had great appeal among bureaucrats and people!
From a macro-historical perspective, the forces of the "poor uprising" led by Li Zicheng are fundamentally different from those in the anti-Qin uprising, the anti-Mang uprising, the anti-Sui uprising and the anti-Yuan uprising that eventually overthrew the ruling dynasty, but quite similar to those in the Yellow Scarf Uprising, the Huang Chao Uprising and the Hong Xiuquan Uprising in the late Qing Dynasty. The Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty was especially similar to the Li Zicheng Uprising. Although Huang Chao also captured Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, and established the Daqi regime to reign as emperor, he failed to maintain the regime, but soon fell. On the surface, Huang Chao failed to overthrow the Tang Dynasty while Li Zicheng directly overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng's achievement seems to be greater, but this is entirely due to the fact that the Manchu regime rising in the northeast also posed a fatal threat to the Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Chongzhen himself was headstrong and unwilling to leave Beijing to avoid disaster and watch the changes in the world. From this perspective, the Li Zicheng Uprising has little special research value.
Based on the principle of public products, we can divide "farmers' courage" into two categories in history. One is an uprising in which only poor farmers participate, which is called "poor uprising"; The other is an uprising attended by all social strata, which is called "social uprising". Participants in the "poor uprising" were forced by natural disasters to survive and had to "make a living" by illegal violent means, so they had to destroy the social order at that time. The Yellow Scarf Uprising, Huang Chao Uprising, Li Zicheng Uprising and Hong Xiuquan Uprising were all the same in history. The "social uprising" either occurred in the dynasty established shortly after the merger war, such as the anti-Qin uprising, the anti-Sui uprising and the anti-Yuan uprising, or occurred in the internal usurper dynasty, such as the anti-Mang uprising. During the rule of the annexed dynasty, the "integration degree" of various parts of the country was low, and the emperor did not have much orthodox status in the annexed area, while the usurper emperor did not have orthodox status in the whole country, so it was easy to cause resistance from all walks of life (including bureaucrats and many members of the landlord class) and form a "social uprising." The leaders of this kind of uprising are trying to establish a new ruling order, so they can make use of the bureaucratic landlord class (class) in the original society.
the biggest difference between "poor uprising" and "social uprising" is that in "poor uprising" the landlord class supported the dynasty or directly participated in the suppression (uprising), while in "social uprising" the landlord class supported or directly led the uprising. Of course, the outcome is also very different: the "poor uprising" always fails, while the "social uprising" always overturns the original dynasty and establishes a new dynasty (interested readers can search the article "New Solution to the Mystery of China's Historical Cycle" on the Internet).
The Li Zicheng Uprising completely conforms to the characteristics of the "poor uprising". Its participants are farmers who can't survive under the attack of natural disasters, and their actions are to destroy social order rather than establish it. To borrow the words of * * *, they are good at destroying the old world, but unable to build a new one, so their failure is completely inevitable.
The leaders of the poor uprising do not represent the driving force of historical progress, and Li Zicheng is no exception. Perhaps the particularity of Li Zicheng is that he has a good personal character-compared with Zhang Xianzhong, he is not a murderous and violent person, so there are many records in historical materials that he has won the support of his subordinates and the people. The official book "Ming History" also praised Li Zicheng's "bad debauchery, taking off the millet and being rough, and suffering from it." But since Li Zicheng is no less than the personal qualities of emperors such as Liu Bang and Zhu Yuanzhang, his failure is not a personal tragedy, but a result of historical conditions.