"The School of Athens" is a fresco created by Raphael, one of the three masters of the Italian Renaissance, between 1509 and 1510 when he was appointed to decorate the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. It is located in Raphael's room. The Signing Room is currently part of the Vatican Museums. This work is widely recognized as one of Raphael's masterpieces.
The entire background and composition of "The School of Athens" is like a stage space. When facing this painting, the audience feels as if they are in a theater in person. Perspective is used to present the depth of the three-dimensional space in a two-dimensional space. Raphael turned Plato and Aristotle into characters in the play, (he painted Plato as the face of Leonardo da Vinci to express his respect for Leonardo da Vinci). With them as the center, the exciting debate scene faced both wings. and prospects unfold. It seems to be "performing" a history of ancient Greek thought, the debate between idealism and materialism.
In "The School of Athens", Raphael gathered people from different periods in one space. More than fifty philosophers, artists and scientists from ancient Greece, Rome and contemporary Italy gathered together to express his belief in human wisdom. harmony and praise of human wisdom. With so many philosophers concentrated in one picture, Raphael cleverly painted different characters according to their individual ideological characteristics in a way that is easiest for people to understand and feel.
"School of Athens" is a work commissioned by the Pope to be created by Raphael. The two people at the perspective point are Plato and Aristotle. Behind the crowd, on the left and right walls are statues of Apollo and Athena. Everyone, including scholars in philosophy, poetry, music, theology, etc., was the favorite of the Pope. The papal family is also represented by the palace of philosophy.
In this work, each philosopher attempts to reveal a "personal soul" to distinguish different relationships between individuals and connect them in formal rhythms, dealing with human beings. Interrelationship with background is close to Leonardo da Vinci's approach.
However, the appearance of a classical-style hall in the overall composition - ultra-high dome, barrel vault, and huge portraits - was influenced by Bramante, who predicted that it would be placed in the St. View in Peter's Basilica. It is the pinnacle of perspective, inheriting the essence of its predecessors.
Raphael brought together people from different periods of Western civilization in the same space, including ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Italian philosophers, artists, and scientists of the author's time, showing his belief in human wisdom and harmony, and Praise the wisdom of Western civilization.
Raphael was born later than both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, but died more than forty years earlier than Michelangelo, and only one year later than da Vinci. He was a rather short-lived artist. . If I had to use a few words to describe Raphael, they would be harmony, harmony, joy, grace, and gentleness.
Not only is the style of painting like this, but also the way you treat people. Like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he was under the majesty of Pope Julius II who loved art and culture, but Raphael got along very well with Julius II, and subsequently Oshi Shi, I also like him the most, he is a young man who is loved by everyone.
At the age of 25, Julius II invited Raphael to paint murals for the Signature Hall of the Vatican Palace. After exchanging opinions with the pope and scholars for a long time, Raphael decided to decorate the painting based on the poems of the poet de la Hinyardour, with the content of praising theology, philosophy, poetry, and jurisprudence: the theological "Sacramental Debate", The "Athens School" of philosophy, the "Mount Parnabas" of poetry, the "Three Virtues" of jurisprudence (truth "a woman looks in the mirror", power "feet crouching upon a lion", holding a "branch" representing the law, temperance "hands") Take the rope and see the angel”).
In the picture, the characters in "The School of Athens" are introduced. Some of the numbers in the picture are based on the characters at that time (9, 13, 14, 21, R), and the identities of some characters are still unknown. Difficult to determine (3, 4, 7, 8 and 10)
(1) Zeno of Didion: the old man on the left side of Epicurus.
(2) Epicurus: Those who wear leaf crowns advocate that "human happiness is the pursuit of eternal happiness in the soul."
(4) Democritus: The old man on the left of Pythagoras is Democritus.
(5) Averroes: Behind Pythagoras, the old man with a white turban on his head stretches his head and looks to the left.
(6) Mathematician Pythagoras: The bald old man squatting in front of him and writing on the thick book is also the inventor of the "Pythagoras Theorem".
(7) Alexander the Great: A young man with his hands crossed on his chest, King of Macedonia in Greece.
(8) Antisthenes: To the left of Xenophon is Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates and the founder of the Cynics.
(9) Hypatia: The long-haired narrator of Averroes is the famous ancient Greek female mathematician Hypatia, referring to Francesco Maria della () Rovere or the author’s wife Margo Painted by Rita.
(10) Xenophon: Next to Socrates is the military and literary historian Xenophon in a navy robe.
(11) Parmenides: The person who opened the book and looked at Pythagorean was the ontological thinker Parmenides.
(12) Philosopher Socrates: Wearing a green robe, he turned his fingers to the left and argued with others.
(13) Heraclitus: The thinker holding a pen and leaning on the table to the left of the center is Heraclitus, a representative figure who holds the theory of rheology, but Raphael used Michelangelo face to draw.
(14) Philosopher Plato: Holding "Timaeus" in hand, pointing to the sky with his finger. Raphael painted this figure based on Leonardo da Vinci.
(15) Philosopher Aristotle: holding "Nicomachean Ethics" in one hand and stretching out the other hand. Some people think that he was based on Michelangelo.
(16) Diogenes: The half-naked old man lying on the steps was a scholar of the Cynic school of ancient Greece.
(18) Archimedes: Bowing in the lower right, holding a compass and measuring a geometric figure.
(19) Zoroaster: The one holding an astronomical instrument.
(20) Astronomer Ptolemy: the one holding the globe.
(21) Duke of Urbino: The boy in white next to Raphael in the lower right corner is the Duke of Urbino, the nephew of the pope at that time and a famous art lover.
(R) Raphael (Raphael/Raffaello): The man in black and wearing a hat in the lower right corner is the author of the mural (Raphael), symbolizing that art has entered the palace of wise men.