The ninth lecture of the first phase of the small fishing village final research
Main content:
1. Let’s talk about the time and space arrangement of quatrains
2. The virtual and real processing of space design in the creation process of quatrains
3. Learn the seventh method of Yuyang quatrains
1. Talk about the time and space of quatrains again
We have learned before The design of poetry’s space and time. In fact, in a poem, separate time or separate space rarely occurs. Time and space are often intricately integrated in a poem. Below we will discuss the time and space issues of quatrains in four points.
1. Transposition of time and space
In the complex relationship between time and space, some poems only write about time literally. In fact, due to the change of space, time is carried out in it. Space is also displayed in it. This kind of space-time design that is mutually external and internal is what we call the transposition of time and space.
The first transposition technique uses space transformation to express time.
Let's look at examples
Zhang Bi's "Seven Wonders? Send People"
I vaguely arrived at Xie's house in my dream, and the small corridor was winding and sloping.
Only the moon in the spring garden is sentimental, just like falling flowers for people who are leaving.
The first sentence is about arriving at Xie’s house in a dream.
The second sentence "The small corridor is curved and slanted." Is it still the scenery of Xie's house in the dream? The small corridors go round and round, and the railings are winding and slanting. This seems like a clear and vivid dream, but because the lover is missing, Kong Zi feels melancholy. All he can see is the small corridors twisting and turning, and the railings are heavy and winding, like an endless maze. , I can't find the way to where I see the beautiful lady.
The third sentence "Love is only the spring garden moon," the third sentence changes a scene; out of the dream. The fallen flowers in the spring garden are illuminated by the amorous moonlight. The change of this spatial scene just illustrates the different times of falling into a dream and waking up from a dream, thus completing the transposition of space. The moonlight illuminates the fallen flowers, as if they are affectionately moving towards the departed person. It proves that it was just a dream, but this ruthless dream is still so regretful.
This uses space transformation to express time. Which sentence is it in? The third sentence. What did you see in the second sentence? Then the scene was changed to Spring Courtyard Moon, which represents the transformation of time. This is the first transposition technique: using space transformation to express time.
Let’s look at the second one.
The second transposition technique uses the transposition of time to express space; this is exactly the opposite of the first one.
Look at examples:
Lu Wen's "Qijue? Impressions after reading my younger brother's poems"
I remember that I have not been crowned with glory, and I have been complaining for twenty years.
I envy you the flowers you have spent today, as if you were remembering the flowers of yesterday.
At the literal level, the whole poem is completely composed of the passage of time, from the me twenty years ago to the me today. When I think of you today, you are the me in the past, me and you today. , and like you and you yesterday, in this intricate connection of time, there is the scene of you admiring flowers today, the scene of you admiring flowers yesterday, the scene of me admiring flowers twenty years ago, and the scene of me admiring flowers twenty years ago. The sighing expression while admiring flowers, and so many different spatial scenes are hidden in time, and are revealed one by one as time passes.
There are no more than these two types of transpositions in time and space. Space conversion represents time and time conversion represents space.
2. The fusion of time and space
In a poem, time and space in the real world can be divided, or the divided time and space in the real world can be superimposed. The past Various different time and spaces in the present and future can be reorganized under a new order. This technique can be called the fusion of time and space.
Look at the example:
Zhang Ji's "Qijue? Feeling of Spring"
The distant visitor is leisurely sick, and spring comes again on the Xie family pond.
Next year we will go our separate ways, and it will be someone else who sees the flowers here.
Starting from the sentence "Visitors from far away are leisurely waiting for their illness," the author is now standing on Xiejiachi, recalling the long history of the past, and envisioning the flower viewing scene next year. "Visitors from far away are left to be ill for a long time, and spring comes again in Xie's pond." This sentence should be reversed, right?
It’s spring again on Xiejiachi. Travelers from faraway places have been sick for a long time. The author is standing on the Xiejia Pond right now, looking back on the past - travelers coming from faraway places and looking forward to seeing flowers next year - going their separate ways next year. The three divided time and space of past, present and future are merged in the spring light before our eyes, the gathering and dispersing of people, the blooming and withering of flowers, and the vicissitudes of the world, in just four sentences. Has good blending effect.
3. The separation of time and space
The separation of time and space refers to the time in one sentence and the space in one sentence. The separation of time and space can make the virtual and real in the poem depend on each other, and the movement and stillness. Participation makes the poem more appealing. In quatrains, real scenes of space are often used to express majesty, and virtual images of time are often used to express humour.
Look at the example:
"Five Jue Palace Ci" by Zhang Hu
The homeland is three thousand miles away, and it has been in the palace for twenty years.
He Manzi cried out, and tears fell in front of you.
"The homeland is three thousand miles away," --- space, right; "Twenty years in the palace" --- time, right? Three thousand miles from the motherland is space, describing the distance from home; twenty years in the palace. It is written in the palace for a long time
According to legend, "Manzi" is a person's name.
The song begins just before the execution, a song with four tunes and eight folds, and the heartbreak starts from the beginning.
In this vast and long time and space, it evokes the loneliness of the deep palace, the heavy nostalgia, and the resentment of being favored when youth is about to pass. All these are vividly expressed in the pen, and the tears at the end give The biggest close-up, with the melodious dance music "He Manzi", tears fell. In these tears, there is the confusion of three thousand miles and the resentment of twenty years in the palace.
4. The interaction of time and space
The time and space in quatrains are sometimes blended together. Time and space are mutually exclusive. The processing of time and space in quatrains is relatively flexible. This This method of mixing time and space can often create a complex and intricate atmosphere.
Look at the example:
Liu Yuxi's "Qijue? Bird Clothes Alley"
There are wild flowers and flowers beside Zhuque Bridge, and the setting sun is setting at the entrance of Wu Yi Alley.
In the old days, the king Xietang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people.
The four sentences only seem to describe space, but if the word "old time" in the third sentence does not exist, wouldn't it be more like describing the actual scene in front of us? In fact, the bridge and Wuyi Lane refer to the beautiful scenery of the old days.
Nowadays, in the Qiuxu District, there are only wild flowers and sunset in front of us, so the first two sentences, on the surface, describe the scenery of the space, but in their bones, they are full of feelings of recalling the present and recalling the past. However, this feeling is not revealed at all in the first two sentences. Below The two sentences say that the swallows in front of me are still the swallows in front of the Wang Xietang in the old days, but the Wang Xietang in the old days has been replaced by ordinary people's homes.
The whole poem is about the present and the past, real and virtual, and there is no trace of the intersection of time and space. On the surface, it still looks like a quiet landscape painting, but there is a sense of the impermanence of rise and fall in the poem. And there are so many feelings of impermanence of ups and downs in the poem, as well as deep and painful thoughts, that these emotions almost burst out.
Liu Fangping's "Seven Wonders? Moonlight Night"
The moonlight is darker than half of the house, and the North Dipper is slanted in the south.
Tonight I know that the spring air is warm, and the sound of insects is new through the green window screen.
It is possible to say that these four lines of poetry are all about the morning and evening of time. Each line cannot tell whether it is time or space. It is a representative of the integration of time and space. It is said that these four lines of poetry are all about time. It's okay to write about space and scenery. "Deeper" is time, "moonlight" is space, and "moonlight half a house" is the picture of space.
"The Beidou is tilted to the south" and the moon is tilted to the south. It is a picture of the starry sky, a deeper mark, and a projection of time.
"Tonight I feel the warm spring air" is about time, but the "spring air" also brings the color of space.
"The sound of insects penetrates the green window screen" is about space, but the "insect sound" also brings time.
To summarize, in one or two sentences, the visual activity is from the inside out, from looking up to looking up. In the three or four sentences, the auditory response is from the outside in. When the insect sounds come, it is accompanied by The feeling of spring warmth, the vision of green screen windows, and the dynamic feeling of "new transparency", various sensory activities seem to come from all directions, bringing the perception of festivals.
Let’s watch another song:
"Qijue? Autumn Evening" by Du Mu
The cold autumn light of silver candles paints the screen, and the small light fan flutters at the flowing fireflies.
The night is as cool as water on Tianjie, lying down watching Altair and Vega.
At first glance, the four lines of the poem look like spatial scenery, but each line hides the theme of Qiuxi.
The first sentence uses silver candles and autumn light to highlight the autumn evening, and the second sentence uses flowing fireflies to highlight the autumn evening. The third sentence highlights the autumn evening with the night as cool as water. The fourth sentence uses the morning glory and the Vega star to point out the autumn evening. Therefore, the time and space of this poem are mutually external and internal. Silver candles, autumn light, and painted screens are three unrelated scenes. But it is associated with the word "cold", which adds a feeling of loneliness to the originally luxurious public furnishings.
What is cold? He is a poet, right? The autumn evening is getting cold, and the small fan and the flowing fireflies are all things that will be out of date in the blink of an eye. Catching the flowing fireflies also means loneliness and boredom. When the night is as cool as water, the night is deep, and the sky is crisp due to the high autumn air. , the starry sky is particularly bright, the palace people single out the "Altair and the Vega" among the many stars. How sad, the Cowherd and the Weaver still have the annual Magpie Bridge Meeting?
What about me? After looking up for a long time, there is naturally a feeling of resentment. The whole poem goes from playing with fireflies to lying down and looking at the twin stars, from movement to stillness, which also expresses the scene of the night becoming quieter. There is no place in the whole poem that is not intertwined with time and space. It is full of emotions, beautiful and touching.
These are the issues of time and space arrangement of quatrains. Let’s talk about the reality and reality below.
2. The processing of virtuality and reality in space design during the creation process of quatrains
1. The concept of virtuality and reality in the process of space design
Virtuality: invisible space or Spaces that do not exist in reality belong to virtual space;
Real: The real space in front of you belongs to real space.
The imaginary finger in ancient poetry is invisible and intangible, but you can feel those virtual images and ethereal realms from the lines of the words, such as dreams, the past, the future, etc. As the saying goes, ‘seeing is believing’, it is also suitable in poetry.
(1) The scene in front of you is reality, and the imaginary scene is virtual.
(2) Realistic scenes are real, and the scenes of the past, the world of gods and ghosts, and fantasy and dreams are virtual.
(3) Image is real, abstraction is virtual, finite is real, infinite is virtual.
(4) The front is real, and the side is virtual.
Now that we understand the concept of virtual and real, let’s look at the classification of virtual and real.
2. Classification of virtual space
According to the classification of Dr. Qiu Xiaoping from Taiwan, virtual space is roughly divided into: imaginary virtual space, immortal virtual space and virtual space in dreams.
Let’s use specific examples to understand these three types of virtual spaces. Note that there are very few completely empty spaces in ancient poetry, so the examples we give only separate the empty spaces in poems to understand these three types of virtual spaces.
(1) The imaginary virtual space
Wang Wei’s "Qijue? Recalling Shandong Brothers on September 9th"
Being a stranger in a foreign land, every day During the festive season, miss your loved ones even more.
I know from afar that when my brothers climb to a high place, there is one less person planting dogwood trees everywhere.
The first two lines of the poem exaggerate the feeling of missing family, but the third line, "I know from afar that my brothers have climbed to the heights, and there is one less person planting dogwood trees everywhere." However, he does not directly express his longing for family, but instead expresses his feelings from his brothers. When I write, I imagine a "virtual" space, saying that my brother remembers me, and the feeling that I remember my brother will naturally be visible.
(2) Immortal Dark Space
Yan Shu's "Qi Jue? Mid-Autumn Moon"
A round of frost shadow turns to the courtyard, and this evening, people are alone in the corner. .
Su'e may not be without regrets, the jade toad is cold and the sweet-scented osmanthus is lonely.
The scene of the protagonist in the first and second sentences being lonely and unhappy in the courtyard is a real 'real' space. Facing the autumn moon, the fourth sentence "The jade toad is cold and the sweet-scented osmanthus is solitary," imagining the coldness of the moon palace, Chang'e's loneliness belongs to the empty space. Fairyland, underworld, these spaces appear more often in ancient poetry, but we have never been to these spaces. These are all imagined out of thin air, so they also belong to virtual spaces.
(3) Space in Dreams
Gong Zizhen’s "Qijue? Four Sentences Composed in Dreams"
An example of the sound of sweat in the spring lake, and the bright moon reported a big Zhusheng.
The Purple Emperor couldn't comfort the late flowers, so he handed it over to Yuanyang to complain about injustice.
It is just four sentences, but there are two sets of images. It is a pretext for a dream, and the writing is confusing and trance-like. In fact, the author wants to express a feeling that people in the imperial examination high school have no real talent and learning, but they are just the moon. A phantom in the water, but an idiot marvels at it as a dazzling rare pearl. This is a completely empty poem. In just two sentences, it laments one's old age and is full of resentment, which can only be expressed among close friends.
All the spatial scenes in the poem are purely derived from dreams. However, it is best for us beginners not to write either all false or all true.
3. The virtual and real configuration of space design
We all know that the structure of quatrains has a characteristic that is to use less to defeat more and to use virtuality to express reality. Therefore, in the process of quatrain creation, we We must pay attention to the combination of virtuality and reality. How to combine it to make the quatrains more flexible? Generally, there are the following forms:
(1) First virtual and then real
Bian Gong's "Seven Wonders? Chang'e"
The moon palace is cold and the osmanthus is round and round, and every year Flowers bloom only by themselves.
***I talk about heaven in the human world, but I don’t know that heaven remembers the human world.
The first two sentences of the poem, "The moon palace is cold and cinnamon-filled, and the flowers blooming year by year only climb up to themselves" are assumptions and are fictional, while the last two sentences are real writings. "Appreciation of Chinese Classical Poetry" said when analyzing this poem. Based on the human world, I speculated that the moon palace was cold and lonely, and then expressed the emotion that the world only knows the moon, but does not know that the moon fairy admires the human world. In his analysis, Dr. Qiu Xiaoping from Taiwan said that the comparison between fairyland and the human world revealed the author's deep meaning.
(2) Reality first, then virtuality
This is most suitable for beginners.
Read Wang Wei's "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th"
Being a stranger in a foreign land, I miss my family even more during the festive season. --The first two sentences (actual writing)
I know from afar that my brothers are climbing to a high place, and there is one less person planting dogwood trees everywhere. --The last two sentences (dummy writing).
The structure of the whole poem is the real part: "Being alone in a foreign land is a foreignness---it is the cause", "Every festive season I miss my loved ones more than ever"---it is the fruit, and there is a causal relationship between the two sentences.
The fictitious part: "Knowing the brothers from afar," is a prominent description of the most typical fragment of September 9th, "There is one less person planted everywhere." It is a --- rendering.
(3) Overlapping of reality and reality
For example:
Gu Kuang's "Qi Jue Gong Ci"
Shengsong rises in the middle of the day in the Jade Tower , the wind sent the palace concubines smiling and speaking harmoniously.
The shadow of the Moon Palace is open and the night leaks are heard, and the crystal curtain rolls close to the Autumn River.
The first and second sentences are about listening to the singing and laughter of others, which compares to the loneliness here. The third sentence is about listening to music late at night and not sleeping, and the fourth sentence is about watching the autumn river alone with the curtain rolled up. With the word "near", it becomes clearer that the night is getting deeper and deeper. This poem does not talk about resentment, but the resentment is revealed and expressed implicitly. Because if you are careless, you will not be listening to the music and laughter of others so clearly late at night.
The virtual word of the poem is "The jade tower is playing songs at midnight, and the wind blows the palace concubines laughing and talking." The main emphasis is on the word "listening".
The real writing is here, "The shadow of the moon palace is open to hear the night leaks, and the crystal curtain rolls close to the autumn river." From listening to reading, the overlapping of virtual and real is harmoniously unified in a quatrain. .
Let’s learn this about the issues of reality and reality in quatrains and the issue of time and space arrangement.
3. The seventh method of Yuyang quatrains
Let’s learn the seventh method of Yuyang quatrains
1. In the first and second sentences of the main points, get straight to the topic, and get straight to the point. The third sentence is used to describe the transition of personnel and events, and the concluding sentence must return from reality to emptiness. It is said that you can be romantic without saying a word. When reading Yuyang, you must pay most attention to these points, because they have charm. .
2. Start the sentence directly to the topic to draw attention to the prospect.
3. The following sentence clings to the first sentence, further expanding the scene in front of you, paving the way for the third or fourth sentences, paying attention to the association of semantics.
4. The third sentence of the transfer sentence is used to describe the transition of personnel affairs, that is, "real connection" and carefully pondering the narrative and writing of personnel sentences.
5. The sentence ends with a stroke and ends with a scene.
Example poem:
The green feathers are bright and clear, and the trees in the lake and cloud temple are greener than the smoke.
The pedestrian's mooring cable fell at the beginning of the month, and white lotuses bloomed in the wild wind outside the door.
——Passing Lujin Temple again
How is the end of Wu Touchu? The misty rain and autumn are deep and dark with white waves.
Taking advantage of the cold wave to cross the river in the evening, there were many sounds of geese with yellow leaves in the forest.
——On the River
The clear dawn is dawning on the jade board, and people are leaning on the railings and singing songs everywhere.
In the bright mirror where the sun is shining, the shadow of the crystal curtain reflects the horizontal waves.
——Twelve of fourteen Qinhuai poems
The east wind blows the willows, and the green reaches the first bridge in Wucheng.
I want to break a branch to send memories to each other, but across the river a broken flute is playing in the rain.
——Sent to Chen Boyi in Jinling
The seedlings are sometimes sparse and sometimes dense, and needles rain, and when they go, they come and go, and the wind blows.
Traveling to Moling in May, the river is windy and rainy, and the day is misty.
——On Jinling Road
I can hear Chongqing songs on the river in several places, and it rains in the lonely boat at dusk.
The singing gradually passed by Wu Nu, and the ninety-nine peaks were covered with white clouds.
? ——Hearing Chuo songs in the boat in Guangyuan
Ba Ge and Chongqing are always sung one after another, but the new poems of Changqing have not been heard for a long time.
I wanted to visit Dongpo but scratched my head because the waves rolled high into wild clouds.
The east stream of Dongpo is green and overcast, and the governor was deeply in love at that time.
I want to see the bamboo branches singing and dancing, and the magnolias reflecting the water.
——Asking Baigong Dongpo, there are no two poems
The cold rain in Xiaoxiao crosses the clear stream, and the bitter bamboo clouds are particularly sad.
Looking back at the scenery of the Southern Tang Dynasty, countless green mountains surround Chuzhou.
——Qingliu Pass
The west is connected to the Central Plains with abundant wealth, and the wind is rustling and the wild fields are dim.
Looking at the lonely city, the sky is connected to the water, and the chaotic mountains and mountains are Pengmen.
——Waiting for Ferry at Jingshan Pass
Assignment for Lecture 9 of the Small Fishing Village Final Study Phase I:
Applying the seventh method of Yuyang to write the poem "Qijue? Evening View of Home Mountain" 》 or "Qi Jue? Evening Scene of Hometown"
Requirements:
1. The first and second sentences directly start with the title, and directly describe the prospects of the eyes and the feelings in the heart. The third sentence describes the personnel. Transition and conclusion must return from reality to emptiness and end with scenery.
2. Apply the time and space division method and the virtual and real method of space design in this lecture to make the virtual and real in the poem depend on each other, and the movement and stillness complement each other, making the poem contagious.
Evening scene in my hometown
The scent of sparse alfalfa and purple flowers, and a few golden touches of the setting sun.
In the autumn scenery again, pairs of swan geese seem to be wandering.
Evening scene in my hometown
Inscription: The summer is like a fire and the evening breeze is clear. Finally, after a busy day, I decided to go to the square for entertainment. I will mark this in particular.
The lights are twinkling, the evening breeze is clear, and there is joy and laughter everywhere.
Looking back, the hardships are like the past, and the sky is full of stars and the moon is clear.