Intensive reading (like an old cow ruminating-reading repeatedly), skimming (like swallowing a whale) and browsing (skipping reading and quickly absorbing useful information from the material).
Read silently, read aloud, repeat and recite.
First, how to read an article
1, read the text for the first time, learn the words and understand the main idea. First, read the full text first, dredge the text, grasp the content as a whole, and solve the problem of "what to write". When reading the full text for the first time, we must first dredge the words, that is, we must read the correct pronunciation and understand the basic meaning of the new words, so as to understand the content of the text. Therefore, every time we teach a text, we should first guide students to read the pronunciation accurately with the help of Chinese Pinyin, and understand the basic meaning of new words with the help of dictionaries and other reference books, so as to lay a foundation for further understanding the deep meaning of new words and the content of the text. Then, on this basis, you should guide students to grasp the main idea of the text as a whole and understand what the text is written. The way to grasp the main idea of the text can be grasped from the central sentence of the text, the practice content after the text, the meaning of each paragraph, the title of the text and so on. For example, in "The Arrow of Borrowing Grass Boat", the main idea of the text can be grasped from the title: "Who borrows the arrow of Grass Boat?" "What was the result?" Students get a preliminary understanding as a whole and form a general impression of the text in their minds, so that they have a foundation for further understanding of the text.
Second, read the text carefully, clarify the structure, understand the sentence paragraphs, and solve the problem of "how to write". (1) dividing paragraphs Paragraph structure is the skeleton of an article.
An article usually consists of several paragraphs. When reading the text carefully, we should guide students to understand the relationship between paragraphs, clarify the author's thinking and divide paragraphs. Generally, there are several ways to divide paragraphs: ① Segmentation in chronological order. For example, in The People of China Stand Up, we can grasp the words "before liberation" and "after liberation" and divide the text into two paragraphs. (2) Segmentation according to position (space) transformation. For example, Jingyanggang can be divided into two sections according to the position changes of "in the hotel" and "on the mountain". It can also be divided into three sections according to "hotel", "Shanghai" and "chaotic forest". (3) according to the development order of things. For example, the order of flying over Luding Bridge is: to seize the bridge (beginning) → to reach the bridge (development) → to seize the bridge (climax) → to continue northward (end). According to this development order, it can be divided into four plates. (4) according to the different nature of the problem or thing. For example, according to the distance, size, heat and relationship with human beings, the sun can be divided into four sections. ⑤ Segmentation according to the activity clues of characters. For example, a small wooden boat can be divided into three sections according to the formation, breakdown and restoration of friendship. ⑥ Segmentation according to the structure of the total score relationship. For example, Guilin landscape is a "total-sub-total" structure, which describes two aspects: water and mountains. This can be divided into three or four parts. In addition, many texts have transitional paragraphs, so it is necessary to guide students to consider whether it focuses on summarizing the contents of the previous paragraph or guiding the latter paragraph, or which paragraph is more closely related to it, so as to divide their ownership.
(2) Understanding Sentences The main purpose of Chinese teaching in primary schools is to "guide students to correctly understand and use the language and characters of the motherland".
Language exists in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs, which are interdependent and complementary. Understanding the content is inseparable from understanding the language, and only by understanding the language can we understand the content. It is impossible to read the text clearly without analyzing the ideological content of the article. Sentence paragraphs are the main form of language, so in teaching, students should read the text carefully and teach them how to understand sentence paragraphs.
1. Understand the words. Mr. Yuan once emphasized: "Vocabulary training is the most important training in Chinese teaching in primary schools." To train words, the first thing is understanding training. Understanding words does not mean understanding every word. Some only require a general understanding, while others require a key understanding. How to determine the key words to understand? (1) expresses the central word of the topic of the article. For example, the word "unhurried" in the two tigers. ② Key words that reveal the content of the text or the meaning of the sentence. For example, in the article Liu Hulan, she was only fifteen years old that year. (3) The words are appropriate and expressive. For example, in the last sentence of the lesson "Borrowing an Arrow from a Grass Boat", "Zhou Yu sighed:' Zhuge Liang's plan is brilliant, I'm really not as good as him! "The word" wait "in" SJ ". After determining the words to be understood, we should also teach students how to understand the words. There are many ways to understand words, but the two most important ones are what students must learn and master. First, comparative understanding method. For example, the word "Jing" in the article "A small moth destroyed a big ship" in Bug and Big Ship can be changed to "Jing" in teaching, and then students can better understand it. Students know how to use the word "essence" to mean "a small moth destroyed a big ship", which was unexpected by the shipowner. This is a comparative understanding method of changing words and adding words. Second, combine the context understanding method. For example, the word "various forms" in "Landscape of Guilin" wrote: "The mountains in Guilin are really wonderful, one after another rising from the ground, unconnected, like an old man, like a giant elephant, like a camel, and the peaks are listed." This passage about Yamazaki in Guilin is an accurate expression of the meaning of the word "various" in the text. 2. Comprehension of sentences. Not all sentences in a text need to be understood by students, so which sentences should be understood emphatically? (1) sentences that describe vividness or rhetoric; (2) Sentences expressing the center or theme of the article; (3) profound sentences; 4 sentences with special status. Such as general sentences, summary sentences and transitional sentences. After determining which sentences to understand, we should also teach students how to understand. The main ways to understand sentences are as follows: ① Grasp the key words to understand. For example, the understanding of profound sentences and rhetorical devices. ② Understanding in context. For example, the understanding of general sentences, concluding sentences and turning sentences. (3) Combine the relevant contents of the text. For example, the understanding of the central sentence of the text. ④ Variants are better understood. For example, understanding vivid and implicit sentences.
3. Understanding of paragraphs. To understand the meaning of a paragraph, teachers should not only guide students to pay attention to the whole article, but also analyze the meaning, function, relationship and arrangement order of the words and phrases that make up a paragraph. The main ways to understand paragraphs are as follows: ① Grasp key paragraphs. A relatively long text can only be deeply understood by grasping the key paragraphs. For example, Flying over the Luding Bridge focuses on "flying over". "Flying" focuses on "seizing time" and "seizing time" and "attacking natural hazards". In teaching, teachers should guide students to deeply understand the two key links of "flying" and "grasping". ② Grasp the central sentence or key sentence in the paragraph. For example, the central sentence in the second paragraph of Hibernation is "Hibernation is not sleep" and "Low temperature is the main reason for hibernation". In teaching, students can be guided to grasp this central sentence and understand this meaning. Understand the meaning of the central sentence, and the meaning of the paragraph will be clear. (3) learn for a while and take him for a while. For paragraphs with the same or similar structure, you can learn one paragraph first, and then guide students to understand other paragraphs according to law. For example, the scenery of "spring, summer, autumn and winter" described in "Beautiful Xiaoxing 'anling" has four similar structures. Students can be guided to understand and write the "Spring" paragraph first, and then read other paragraphs by themselves according to the law.
(3) Summarizing the meaning of paragraphs To truly understand a text, we should not only correctly divide paragraphs and understand the meaning of words and phrases, but also teach students to understand the meaning of summarizing paragraphs and sum up the central idea.
The key to summarizing the meaning of a paragraph is to grasp the central sentence of each paragraph. The central sentence is generally a sentence that summarizes the whole paragraph. The central sentence of some paragraphs is obvious, which concisely summarizes the meaning of the paragraph, so that the central sentence can be directly quoted as the meaning of the paragraph. For example, in the fourth paragraph of What is Happiness, you can use the central sentence "Happiness depends on labor, on doing one's duty well and doing things beneficial to people". Some central sentences need to be sorted out to make a paragraph. For example, the central sentence in the first paragraph of The Great Wall says, "It's called Wan Li, starting from Shanhaiguan in the east and Jiayuguan in the west, with a total length of more than 12,000 li". It can be arranged as a paragraph "The Great Wall is more than 12,000 miles east and west". If a paragraph has no obvious central sentence, it is necessary to summarize and refine the general idea of each natural paragraph and express it in evaluative or general words. This is the so-called natural paragraph merging method. For example, the fourth paragraph of "Young Runtu" talked about catching birds, picking up shells, watching melons, thorns and so on in the snow. These things are new to me, so the meaning of this passage can be combined into: moistening the soil has told me many new things. Summarize the meaning of the paragraph, and the language should be concise and accurate. Students learn to divide paragraphs, read sentence paragraphs and master the method of summarizing paragraphs, thus solving the problem of "how to write".
Read the text carefully, summarize the central idea, reveal the main idea of the article, and solve the problem of "why write". The author writes articles for a writing purpose. He expressed some feelings through certain materials and expounded a truth, so that readers could be educated and enlightened. This is the central idea of the article. Only by grasping the central idea can we really understand the text. The central idea of the article, some explicit, some implicit in the article. Therefore, when students are asked to summarize the central idea, teachers should give guidance and teach methods. Generally speaking, it can be obtained from the following points
1. Stick to the topic.
The topic is often the eyes of the article. There are many articles, and you can know the central idea by looking at the titles. For example, Serve the People and The People of China Stand Up. Some topics vividly summarize the ideological significance of the article and hint at the theme of the article. For example, the article "The Power of Seeds" praised the great spirit and strength of the Chinese nation with the help of the power of seeds.
2. Connect the paragraphs to achieve the effect.
The central idea of an article often runs through all paragraphs. Grasping the main meaning of each paragraph is to summarize the basis of the central idea, such as the lesson "Righteousness". The content of each paragraph is closely related to the "friendship" between Marx and Engels. Therefore, we can string together the main ideas of each paragraph and get the central idea of this paper: by describing the deeds of mutual help and close cooperation between Marx and Engels for 40 years, * * * founded the * * theory.
3. Grasp the central sentence.
The central sentence of the text often reveals the central idea of the article directly, but it appears in various forms. Some articles are general sentences, such as the opening sentence of Guilin Landscape: "People say:' Guilin landscape is the best in the world.' "There is always such a sentence, for example, at the end of" New Year's Gift ":"What my brother gave to the teacher is not a gift, but it is the best gift-a sincere heart! " Some are lyrical sentences, such as "How hard and plain he (Premier Zhou) is! "Some are argumentative sentences, such as the last sentence of my uncle Mr. Lu Xun:" My uncle is such a person who thinks less about himself and more about others. "Grasping these central sentences, connecting with the context and deeply understanding their meanings can reveal the central idea.
4. Contrast and contrast.
① Contrast before and after. In the text, if the author describes something from different angles at different times, students can be guided to compare in teaching to highlight the central idea of the article. For example, in the lesson "Bird's Paradise", the author went to "Bird's Paradise" twice. I didn't see any birds when I first went there, but the banyan tree I saw left a beautiful and vibrant impression on me. On the second visit, I saw many birds of different colors. So we get the same feature: the "paradise" beauty of birds. From this, students can be guided to make a comparative analysis: the author writes about the "paradise" beauty of birds in order to express the author's praise and love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. In this way, the central idea of the text is clear at a glance. 2 positive and negative contrast. For example, the description of "flying" and "grabbing" in the article "Flying over the Luding Bridge" shows the fearless spirit of the Red Army soldiers. In order to highlight this central idea, the author made a sharp contrast between the enemy and our own actions. For example, when crossing the river with the enemy, under the same weather and similar roads, the enemy "had to stop and camp", while the Red Army "still marched in the dark and in the rain". Through positive and negative contrast, the center of the Red Army's fearless spirit is set off.
There are always questions about what to write, how to write it and why to write a text. In reading, students can solve these problems by themselves, even if they really understand a text.
Instruct students to summarize the central idea of intensive reading from several aspects.
The central idea is the soul of an article, and it is the main thread and core that runs through the whole text. When reading an article, we should not only know its main contents, but also further understand the author's purpose of writing these contents and experience the thoughts and feelings of the article, that is, summarize the central idea of the article. The people, events, sights and things written in the article belong to the main content, and the spirit, quality, truth and emotion that the author wants to praise through these main contents are the central idea of the article.
Summarize the basic form of the central idea
The basic form of summarizing the central idea of the article is: main content+thoughts and feelings.
The language form of summarizing the central idea of the article is:
Praise the spirit or quality of.
Express your thoughts and feelings.
Show ... morality.
Explain the truth about. ...
This paper reveals the problems (or phenomena) of ... through narration (description, characterization).
Be accused of ...
There are several common ways to summarize the central idea of the article:
Analyze the main content of the article and summarize the central idea.
Analyzing the main content of the article is the most common and basic method to summarize the central idea. The central idea that the author wants to express is not directly pointed out, but summarized by specific people or things described in the article. Therefore, to summarize the central idea of this kind of article, we should first summarize the main content of the article on the basis of reading the text carefully, understand what the author wrote, then analyze what the author's writing purpose is, and finally understand the central idea of the article.
Example: The article "Golden Fish Hook" mainly describes a cooking squad leader who accepted the task assigned by the party organization on the way to the Long March and sacrificed his touching deeds for three sick little soldiers crossing the grass. Through the analysis of the main contents of the article, we feel the valuable qualities embodied in the cooking squad leader. Therefore, starting from the main content of the article, the central idea of this article should be summarized as follows: This article describes a touching story that a cooking squad leader accepted the task assigned by the Party organization on the way to the Long March and sacrificed himself for three sick little soldiers, showing that the Red Army soldiers were loyal to the revolution and sacrificed their noble qualities for others.
Grasp the key paragraphs and summarize the central idea.
In the process of writing, the author always describes the content closely related to the central idea in detail, that is to say, the key paragraphs of the article are the content that best reflects the central idea. Therefore, if we can grasp the key paragraphs in reading and carefully analyze the experience, the central idea of the article can be understood quickly.
For example, the lesson "Soil of Young Runners" can be divided into five sections. Through analysis and comparison, the fourth natural paragraph is the key paragraph of the article, and I wrote "Runner's Soil" for me to talk about interesting life such as catching birds, picking up shells, watching melons and jumping fish. When summing up the center, we should firmly grasp this paragraph and think further. Why did the author write this paragraph? What can we feel from it? In this way, the center of the article appears, that is, the text depicts the image of a knowledgeable, intelligent, lively and lovely coastal rural teenager through the memory of a life between me and Runtu 30 years ago.
Analyze the central sentence and summarize the central idea.
Some central sentences not only summarize the main content of the article, but also point out the center of the article and express the author's feelings. When reading an article, it is not difficult to summarize the central idea of the article as long as you firmly grasp these key central sentences. There is a certain regularity in the appearance of central sentences. Sometimes the central sentence is at the beginning of the article, which plays the role of summarizing the whole text and revealing the central idea; Sometimes the central sentence at the end of the article plays a role in pointing out the central idea; Sometimes the central sentence appears in the middle of the article; Sometimes the central sentence will appear several times in the article. For example, there is a saying in Peanut: "People should be useful, not only decent, but also not good to others." This is a sentence that points out the center of the article. Through this central sentence, we can realize that the central idea of the article is to tell us "to be useful, not to be decent, not to benefit others." Another example is "I'm from China and I love China" in An Unforgettable Lesson. This sentence appears repeatedly in the text and runs through the whole text. From this sentence, we can feel that the article expresses the deep feelings and strong national spirit of the people of Taiwan Province Province who love the motherland.
Summarize the central idea by analyzing the characters' words and deeds and psychology.
Articles written by people often reproduce the spirit and quality of characters by describing their language, actions and psychology, thus achieving the author's writing purpose. Therefore, when reading this kind of articles, as long as we pay attention to the description and careful analysis of the characters' words, deeds and psychology, the central idea of the article will naturally emerge.
For example, the two texts, Wonderful and Terrible, mainly focus on the different evaluations of his works by his father and mother in childhood, which have a great influence on him and the love the author feels from these two evaluations. As long as we have a good grasp of the description of mother and father's language and the psychological activity of "I", we can understand the kind of love that mother encourages when it is "wonderful" and the love that father demands strictly when it is "terrible". From the change of "I" psychological feeling, we can see that two completely different evaluations of parents play an important role in children's growth.
Analyze the topic and summarize the central idea.
The title of some articles itself embodies the central idea. We can summarize the central idea with a little play according to the topic and the main content of the article. For example, Challenge Destiny, Serve the People named the center, Plum Blossom Soul and Golden Fish Hook suggested the center. As long as these topics are unfolded, or the deep meaning of the topic is explored in combination with the content of the text, its central idea can be summarized.
Perceive the discussion and lyric part and summarize the central idea.
Some articles are interspersed with arguments and lyrical sentences, and these arguments and lyrical sentences are often the author's writing purpose. In reading, we should focus on experiencing and feeling these arguments and lyrical parts, and analyze and summarize the central idea of the article.
For example, the last sentence of the article "Grassland" is "Yes! Why don't Mongolian and Chinese love each other? The world is grey and the sun sets. " It fully embodies the central idea of unity and friendship between the Mongolian and Chinese people.