Chatting, Mulan is knitting at home. I can't hear the loom, but I hear the woman sigh.
Ask a woman what she thinks and what she remembers. Women have nothing to think about, and women have nothing to remember. Seeing the military whistle last night, kèhán ordered more soldiers. The art of war consists of twelve volumes, all of which are named by the Lord. Grandpa has no eldest son, Mulan has no big brother, and she is willing to be a pommel horse, so she will sign for him from now on.
Buy horses in the East City, saddles (ān) and spears (jiān) in the West City, reins (pèi) in the South City and whips in the North City. When I said goodbye to my parents, I was by the Yellow River at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard the splash of the Yellow River (jiān). Say goodbye to the Yellow River and arrive in Montenegro at dusk. I didn't hear the female voice called by my parents, but I heard Yan (yān) riding on the mountain (jiū) chirping.
From Wan Li to róng, the mountains are flying. New moon (Shu) gas transfers gold (Tu), and cold light illuminates iron clothes. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.
See you later, the son of heaven is sitting in the hall. Policy 12 turn, before reward 100. Khan asked him what he wanted, and Mulan didn't need Shang Shulang; I am willing to send my son back to his hometown.
When my parents heard about my daughter, they went out to help Guo (Ji ā ng). Sister A (zǐ) heard that her younger sister was coming and took care of her red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. Open the door of my East Pavilion, sit on my West Pavilion bed, take off my wartime robe, wear my old clothes (Chuangang), serve as a window row of clouds and temples, and insert yellow flowers (ti) on the mirror posts. When I went out to meet my fire companions, they were all surprised and busy: after twelve years of traveling together, I didn't know Mulan was a girl.
Male rabbits have messy feet and female rabbits have blurred eyes; When two rabbits walk side by side, can I tell if I am a male or a female?
translate
Haha, Mulan is weaving at the door. There is no sound of weaving, only a girl's sigh.
Ask the girl what you are thinking and thinking with such a sigh. (Mulan replied) Mulan didn't miss anything, nor did she think back.
I saw a proclamation in the army last night and learned that the emperor was recruiting troops on a large scale. There are many conscription lists with his father's name on them. My father has no eldest son and Mulan has no brother, so she is willing to buy pommel horse and apply instead of her father.
Buy horses in the east market, saddle pads in the west market, chews and reins to drive animals in the south market, and whips to drive animals in the north market. In the morning, I said goodbye to my parents and set off. In the evening, I camped by the Yellow River. I can't hear my parents calling for my daughter, but I can only hear the flowing water of the Yellow River. Say goodbye to the Yellow River in the morning and set off on the road. In the evening, I arrived at Heishan Mountain. I can't hear my parents calling my daughter, but I can only hear the chirping of the horses of Yanshan conference semifinals.
Not afraid of the distance in Wan Li, go to the battlefield, fly over the pass and fly over the mountains. The cold in the north conveys the sound of playing ball, and the cold moonlight reflects the soldiers' armored shirts. After years of fighting, many soldiers died in the battlefield, and Mulan and other survivors returned successfully.
When he returned victorious, he appeared in front of the emperor, who sat in the palace (rewarding his merits). Mulan was remembered for her great contribution and gained a lot of property. The son of heaven asked Mulan what she wanted, but Mulan didn't want to be an official. She just wants to ride a swift horse and return to her hometown.
When parents heard that their daughter was back, they helped each other to meet Mulan in the outer city. When my sister heard that she was back, she dressed up in front of the door. My brother heard that my sister came back and was busy sharpening the knife and killing pigs and sheep. (Mulan goes home) Open the attic door in the east, sit on the couch in the west inner room, take off my battle gown, put on my old maid's clothes, arrange her hair as soft as a cloud in front of the window, and stick a piece of gold on her forehead in front of the mirror. When we went out to meet our comrades-in-arms, they were all surprised and said, We traveled together for many years, but we didn't know Mulan was a girl.
When picking up the rabbit's ears, the front foot of the male rabbit always moves, and the eyes of the female rabbit often squint. When two rabbits run side by side, how do you know which one is male and which one is female?
To annotate ...
1. chirp (jī jī): refers to spinning.
2. Loom sound: the sound made by the loom. Raft: Weaving shuttle (Sue is not here).
3. Wei: Just like Wei. Only.
4. Military announcement: military announcement.
5. Khan (kè hán): the title of the highest unifier of some ethnic minorities in ancient China.
6. Twelve volumes of the art of war: there are many volumes on the draft roster. 12 means a lot, not exactly. The following "ten years" and "twelve years" are used in the same way.
7. Grandpa: Like the "Grandpa" below, they all refer to the father.
8. I would like to be a city pommel horse: for this reason. Market, buy. Pommel horse, generally refers to horse and harness.
9.jiān: the cushion under the saddle.
10. Pei: Control the chews and reins of animals.
1 1.jiān jiān: the sound of water.
12. Chao Hedan: Good morning.
13. Hu Qi (j): Ren Hu's war horse. Hu, the ancient name of northern minorities.
14. Gigi: The sound of horses barking.
15. Wan Li goes to Rongji: not far from Wan Li, go to the battlefield. War, war
16. Flying over the mountain: crossing the mountain like flying. Degree, through.
17. Shuo Qi Chuan Jin Ji: The cold in the north came the voice of playing overtime. New moon, north. Jin Bai, an instrument used for vigil and night shift in the ancient army.
18. Twelve turns of "Strategic Training": I remember a lot of merits. Tactical training, record merit. The conversion from twelve to the majority is not a definite reference.
19. Top 100 Rewards: Reward a lot of property. Strong, more than enough.
20. Ask what you want: Ask (Mulan) what she wants.
2 1. Not needed: unwilling to do it.
22. I hope to ride a thousand miles: I hope to ride a thousand miles.
23. Guo: Outer city.
24. Helper: Support.
25.zhuāng: refers to the gorgeous costumes of women.
26. Huo Huo: The sound of sharpening a knife.
27. write: wear.
28. cloud sideburns (bìn): sideburns like clouds describe beautiful hair.
29. Post flower yellow: Post is the same as "post". Flower yellow, the facial ornament of ancient women.
30. Fire companion: same as "partner". Soldiers in Wu Tong. At that time, several soldiers were required to eat in the same stove, so they were called "fire companions".
3 1. The male rabbit's feet are confused and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred: It is said that when the rabbit's ears are hanging in the air, the male rabbit's front feet are always moving and the female rabbit's eyes are always squinting, which is easy to identify. Jump, blur, squint.
When two rabbits walk beside the ground, Ann can tell whether I am a male or a female: When two rabbits run side by side, how can we tell which is the male and which is the female? Walk beside the ground and run side by side.
[Edit this paragraph] Related background
Author information
Mulan Poetry is a folk song in the Northern Dynasties.
Guo Maoqian was a programmer in Yunzhou (now Dongping, Shandong Province) (History of Song Dynasty, volume 297, Guo Quanchuan). Advise sun, source. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Zongshen joined the army for Cao Fa, an official of Henan Province (Volume 59, epitaph). There are hundreds of Yuefu poems handed down through the ages, which are valued by academic circles because of their excellent textual research on solving problems. Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned from her post and returned to her hometown, which is full of legend. After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, this article was polished by literati in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
There are two main theories about Mulan's age:
First, Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty went to Peking University during the soft period.
Second: During the reign of Emperor Yining of Sui Dynasty, Turks invaded the frontier.
Mulan disguised herself as a man and joined the army instead of her father. She fought on the battlefield for 12 years and made many meritorious deeds. No one found out that she was a woman. In the Tang Dynasty, he was named "General Filial Piety" and was commemorated in a shrine. Mulan Poetry is a folk song of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties, which is selected from Yuefu Poetry edited by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty. There are different opinions on the time of its emergence, but from the historical and geographical conditions, it can be judged that things and poems may have originated in the post-Wei period. This poem originated from the folk, and in the long-term spread process, it has traces of being polished by later literati, but it basically retains the characteristics that folk songs are easy to remember and recite. Yuefu Poetry Collection is the most complete collection of Yuefu songs, in which the folk songs vividly reflect the social life and local people at that time, and are divided into two parts: southern songs and northern songs. Nanqu, that is, the folk songs of the Southern Dynasties, pays attention to lyricism, flashy language, delicate words and euphemistic style. Beiqu, that is, northern folk songs, has a wide range of themes, strong style, enthusiasm and simplicity. Mulan Poem and Peacock Flying Southeast in the Southern Dynasties folk songs are called the double walls of long narrative poems.
On Yuefu Poetry
Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, a new poetic style, Yuefu, appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It was once brilliant and became an organic part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
"Yuefu", formerly the official name, is responsible for composing music, training musicians, collecting poems and folk songs for the court to sing at sacrificial banquets, observing local conditions and customs, and examining political gains and losses. China's poetry collection system has a long history, and Xia Shuyin recorded it. The Book of Songs, which has been handed down to this day, was originally a standard anthology officially promulgated and recognized by the society. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of poetry collection could not be implemented because of the collapse of rites and the constant battles. The unification of the Qin dynasty was short, and everything had to be done. Although there is the name of Yuefu official office, there is still no collection of poems. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and the economy was depressed. Yuefu organs can only learn from the past and barely maintain it. After 60 or 70 years of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was already very strong, so Yuefu expanded its scale and collected poems at night. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, poetry collection had become a major event in political life. Emperor Guangwu once "invited people to listen to folk stories", while the emperor sent messengers to "travel separately, travel around counties and listen to folk stories". This fashion was followed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. During the period of Xiao Liang, the society has changed Yuefu from an official name to a poetic style. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long has a special chapter in Yuefu besides Ming poems. Selected Works of Zhaoming and New Poems of Xu Ling Yutai also set up Yuefu columns. Among them, there are both literati poems and folk songs, that is, all poems and songs that can be sung through music are called "Yuefu". Among these two kinds of poems, folk songs and poems are the essence, and literati's songs and poems germinate and grow under the dew of folk songs and poems, so we should attach great importance to them.
The system of collecting poems carried out in the gap between the wars in the Northern Dynasties is in the same strain as that in the Han Dynasty. Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poetry anthology "Two Drums Blowing Across the Horn" has some Chinese folk songs and some translations. Although there are only 60 or 70 songs, they are profound in content and wide in subject matter, reflecting the broad social life, which is quite different from the delicate euphemism of southern folk songs, showing the rough and unconstrained spirit of the Northern Dynasties and showing another picture of local conditions and customs. Due to the long-term scuffle between the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north, there are many themes reflecting the war, some describing the suffering caused by the war and the corvee, and some praising the brave spirit. Mulan's poems, in particular, are legends who enthusiastically praise Mulan as a woman disguised as a man and joined the army instead of her father. Mulan, together with the Ancient Poems of Lady Jiao Zhongqing, is known as the "double gem" in Yuefu folk songs. Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is a wonderful flower in the history of China literature, which has a strong vitality and directly influenced the face of China's poetry. It not only opened up a new field of five-character poetry, but also played a bridge role in seven-character poetry, singing and even law. (Excerpted from View of Yuefu in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties edited by Chen Xuwan and Shang, Shaanxi People's Education Press 1998)
Poetry link
The folk customs in northern China are tough, and many women are also heroic and martial. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Rip's little sister was very brave, good at fighting and famous. At that time, there was a song "Song of Miss Li Bo":
Miss Li Bo is graceful and her skirt is like a scroll. If you shoot from left to right, you will get frost. Women are still like this, but men are safe and sound.
It can be seen that Mulan poetry, as a representative work of northern Yuefu folk songs, has a certain life foundation.
[edit this paragraph] overall grasp
Mulan Poetry is a long narrative folk song in northern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It tells the story of Mulan disguised as a man, joined the army instead of her father, fought in the battlefield, returned to the DPRK in triumph, made meritorious deeds, and resigned and returned to China, which is full of legend.
In the first two paragraphs, Mulan decided to join the army instead of her father. The poem begins with the sound of a loom chirping, showing the scene of Mulan knitting at home. Then she wrote a sigh that Mulan didn't intend to weave, which made people wonder, led to a question and answer, and revealed Mulan's thoughts. Mulan sighed, because the son of heaven enlisted the army and his father was among the conscripts. As his father was old and had no eldest son at home, he decided to join the army instead of his father.
In the third paragraph, Mulan is ready to go out and go to war. "Buy a fine horse in the Oriental market ..." Four sentences are used to describe Mulan's nervous purchase of war horses and riding equipment. "Say goodbye to my parents ..." Eight sentences are repeated, writing that Mulan has been on the journey nonstop, running around day and night, and the farther away from home, the more she misses her loved ones. What is written here is that Mulan set out from home and arrived at the battlefield through the Yellow River for only two days, exaggerating the rapid progress of Mulan, the urgency of the military situation and the eagerness of her mood, which made people feel nervous about the war atmosphere. Among them, the sound of "Yellow River splashing" and "Yanshan riding and chirping" also set off Mulan's homesickness.
The fourth paragraph summarizes Hua Mulan's ten-year campaign life. "When Wan Li goes to Rongji, if he flies over the mountains", it summarizes the contents of the above eight sentences, and exaggerates the description of Mulan riding a horse and Wan Li all the way, rushing to the battlefield, flying over the pass and over the mountains and mountains. "New Moon Breaths with Golden Bells and Cold Light with Iron Clothes" describes Mulan's hard fighting life in the frontier fortress barracks: at night, Diao Dou's knocking came from the cold north wind, and her cold armor was reflected in the cold light. "A hundred battles lead to the death of a general, and ten years lead to the return of a strong man", which outlines this protracted war and bitter battle. The soldiers fought for ten years, and after cruel battles again and again, some died and some returned. Hua Mulan, who is brave and good at fighting, is one of the soldiers who survived and returned successfully.
In the fifth paragraph, Mulan also resigned. First, Mulan appeared before the emperor. Then, Mulan made great contributions and was rewarded by the emperor. Besides, Mulan resigned and was willing to go back to her hometown. "Mulan doesn't need to go to school" but "go back to her hometown". Of course, it is her nostalgia for home life, but she also has her own secret, that is, she is a daughter. The son of heaven didn't know the truth, and Mulan couldn't explain it clearly, which was quite dramatic.
The sixth paragraph is about Mulan's return to her hometown to reunite with her relatives. First of all, describe the happy atmosphere at home with the actions of parents, brothers and sisters that conform to their identity, gender and age; Then, through a series of actions, Mulan wrote her affection for her former residence and her love for her daughter's makeup, showing her natural daughter's mood and her uncontrollable joy after her return. Finally, as the end of the story and the climax of the whole poem, it is a comedy scene in which Mulan, who restores her daughter's costume, meets her partner.
The seventh paragraph ends with metaphor. Using the metaphor of two rabbits running together, it is difficult to tell the difference between male and female, and skillfully solves the mystery that Mulan disguised as a man instead of her father to join the army 12 years, which is interesting and memorable.
This poem creates an immortal image of Mulan, which is both legendary and touching. Mulan is a strange girl and an ordinary person, a heroine and an ordinary girl, a vigorous warrior and a beautiful daughter. She is hard-working, kind-hearted, determined, brave, honest and simple, alert and lively, loves loving the country and loving the quiet life of not admiring high officials and rich people. For more than a thousand years, the story of Mulan joining the army instead of her father has become a household name in China, and the image of Mulan is also deeply loved by people.
This poem is full of folk songs. The whole poem conceives the legendary story of Mulan with "Mulan is a girl", which is full of romance. The complex and simple arrangement is very clever. Although it is about war, it is more about life scenes and children's modality, full of life breath. In the poem, the psychology of the characters is portrayed in the way of question and answer, which is vivid and meticulous; I am very proud to describe the behavior modality with many careful comparisons; It is unforgettable to summarize the whole poem with humorous metaphors. This makes the work have a strong artistic appeal.
[Edit this paragraph] Research on the problem
1. What's the sound of "chirp after chirp"?
There have always been different views on this. There are roughly three kinds: loom sound, sigh sound and insect sound.
① Loom sound. If it is understood as the sound of a loom, the following will happen. At the beginning of the poem, there was a constant loom sound, which was heard before people appeared. Then she explained that Mulan was knitting a sweater across the door, and the image of a hardworking girl came to the fore. But weaving and weaving, there is no rhythmic loom sound, and there are waves of sighs. Why on earth is this? Mulan, Mulan, what makes you so worried? So I turned to the following plot. This understanding is of course reasonable.
2 sigh. Some scholars interpret this as: "Weaving at home shows that Mulan is a working woman, not Miss Houmen. I should have heard the sound of her knitting, but I heard the sigh of' chirp'. A "chirp" has indicated that she is sighing, and she is more concerned about "replying to chirp". The author still feels that the meaning is not enough, and finally only sighs when he hears women. The author emphasized this point repeatedly in order to tell us the depth of Mulan's worries. Mulan stopped to sigh, not while knitting. The author did not write Mulan's sad face, nor did he write Mulan's pause and sigh. The author just painted a sound and portrayed the image of a Mulan girl full of sadness and depression through constant sighs. " (Zhang Yanjin's "Complex and Tasty, Simple and Vivid-Reading Mulan Ci", "Poetry Appreciation Collection of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", People's Literature Publishing House, 1985)
③ Insect singing. If we understand "chirp" as the sound of insects, we will see such a picture in front of us-there is no sound around, only insects sing "chirp" at night. Then write Mulan sitting opposite the loom weaving, but why does she sit there sighing while holding the loom and not knitting? The sound of insects in the four fields echoes Mulan's sigh, rendering a girl's mood and atmosphere before making a major decision. In a word, the poem is meaningless, rational, and literal.
2. Who is the questioner who asked "What do you think and what do you remember?"? ?
Some people say that parents are asking, only the father is asking, or the mother is asking. Indeed, if parents hear their daughter's sigh, they will definitely ask such a concerned question. It is said that the commentator is asking questions, because Mulan poetry is a folk song created orally by the collective, and folk songs can be sung with music, so the singer can ask questions as a commentator. These two statements are actually not contradictory. In folk singing literature, singers often have the dual identity of narrator and story character, and the language of narrator and story character is sometimes integrated. So in this poem, "Ask the woman what she thinks, ask her what she remembers" and "The woman has nothing to think about ..." From now on can be regarded as a question and answer between parents and daughters, and also as a question and answer plan of the narrator. In addition, this poem is often narrated in the first person, which can be regarded as Mulan's self-report and the narrator's retelling.
3. How to understand four sentences such as "the feet of the male rabbit are fluttering"?
First, make it clear that this is a vivid metaphor. The first two sentences write that the external behavior of rabbits is very different when they are still, and they can tell the male from the female at a glance; When rabbits run together, it is difficult to tell the sex. By analogy, the gender characteristics of men and women are obvious in daily life, but it is difficult to distinguish between men and women in battlefield operations.
Secondly, we should further think about why the author ended the poem with such a metaphor. First of all, this metaphor vividly explains the surprise of "fire companion" and is also a reasonable answer to the questions that readers will inevitably have. Secondly, these four sentences can be regarded as Mulan's answer to "fire companion". From these four witty answers, we can see Mulan's funny, clever and proud expression. What could be more interesting and ingenious than these four sentences? What a lovely Mulan girl! Thirdly, it is precisely the characteristics of folk song language to compare men and women with male rabbits and female rabbits. This clever metaphor adds color and icing on the cake to the whole poem.
In addition, these four poems are regarded by the singer or narrator as a compliment to Mulan, which is not contradictory to the view that they are regarded as Mulan's answer to The Fire Companion.
4. How to understand the handling of complexity and simplification in Mulan's poems?
The following three points must be made clear: where are the complexity and simplicity in Mulan's poems? What effect does this simplification have? Why does the author do this?
(1) The application of complex brushwork: Mulan's worries when knitting at home, her activities when preparing to tidy up, her mentality when going to war, her family's joy when coming home, and her joy when emphasizing "daughter's dress". , are written in great detail.
For example, Mulan bought a pommel horse, which described the parallel of east, west, north and south, and rendered the tension and busyness of pre-war preparation. Readers seem to see Mulan's haste and busyness, and can also imagine how heroic Mulan in military uniform is!
For another example, when Hua Mulan went to the battlefield, she repeatedly mentioned "I didn't hear her parents calling for a female voice", which is actually a true portrayal of Hua Mulan's mentality at this time: at sunset, when dusk fell, Hua Mulan slept alone on the bank of the Yellow River, listening to the rushing sound of the Yellow River, but her heart was always echoing her parents' voices, drifting away, and her parents' voice calling for her daughter had long since disappeared, but it always echoed in her daughter's ears! The journey is long, when can I hear the kind call of my parents who warm my daughter's heart again?
For example, in the last paragraph, when Mulan was going back to her hometown, the different actions of her parents, mother, brother and sister were repeated three times through the same sentence, vividly showing the happy mood and atmosphere of her relatives when they finally got together after ten years of separation.
The description of Mulan's re-entry into the boudoir and "daughter makeup" vividly renders Mulan's love for life and beautiful and lovely daughter modality.
② Application of simple pen. As for a simple pen, the description of the battle process is mainly simple, and ten years of life can be written in just a few words.
Why did you arrange this? What the author describes with pen and ink is often what he wants to highlight. What this poem wants to highlight is the praise for Mulan's filial piety to her parents and her courage to shoulder heavy responsibilities. Therefore, putting aside the cruel war can reflect the beautiful inner content and spare no expense. In addition, this complicated arrangement seems to imply the author's longing for a better life and his indifference and distance to the war.