Sentence breaking in classical Chinese is traditionally called "reading sentences".
Distinguishing between sentences and reading is the most basic ability to read ancient Chinese. Usually, we attach importance to the reading of classical Chinese, aiming at cultivating the language sense of classical Chinese learning through familiar reading. The basis of sentence breaking in classical Chinese lies in the understanding of the whole article, so reading is particularly important. Don't rush to answer questions when you encounter broken sentences. You should read this paragraph first. Through reading, you should try to have a general understanding of the full text. With a sense of language, we should first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope, then concentrate on analyzing the difficult parts and follow the principle of easy first and then difficult.
Find function words:
Function words (especially modal particles) in classical Chinese are often the places where sentences are broken.
Liu Xie mentioned in Wen Xin Diao Long: "As for the husband who only covers the past, the first song originated from the old style of miscellaneous sentences, which is almost awkward and is also the common subject at the end." In classical Chinese, the common words placed at the beginning of sentences are: Fu, Gai, Yan, Wei, Si, etc. The modal particles placed at the end of the sentence are: ye, ye, Hu, zai, he (ye), Yan, ye (evil), etc. The function words in the sentence are: Yu, Wei, Ze, Er, Yi, etc. Of course, some disyllabic function words (including some related words in complex sentences) are also our good "helpers". They are usually located at the beginning of sentences, and these words are usually punctuated. For example: blessing, if husband, if husband, Jill, if zhi, so, although, as for, is therefore, make, even if and so on.
Example [1]: So I have a sigh. The view of the ancients was above heaven and earth. Mountains and rivers. Plants. Insects and fish. Birds and beasts. They often get something. They seek the depth of their thoughts and are everywhere. If they are close, they will travel. ("You Bao Chan")
After reading the article carefully, we can know that the function words that can be put at the end of the sentence in this article are: Yan, Ye, Yan, Ye; The first sentence is: husband; Have: with, then, then, and, and, therefore. There are 18 punctuation marks in this passage, and as many punctuation marks can be broken according to function words as 1 1. If we don't consider the words "heaven and earth ∕ mountains and rivers ∕ vegetation ∕ insect fish ∕ birds and beasts" and "wonder ∕"
Example [2]: Xiangzi said, "I haven't heard it for two days. What if I don't die?" Youmo said, "When you die, you will meet Tang Wu. Today, you will die, you will die. How can you die? " ("New preface, pricking luxury")
The function words at the beginning of this paragraph are: er, Yan, ran; The function words at the end of the sentence are: Ye, Ye, Ye. Find out these function words, and the problem is almost solved.
Check the dialogue:
In classical Chinese, dialogues and quotations are often marked by "Yue" and "Yun". When two people talk, the name usually appears in the first question and answer, and then only "Yue" is used, omitting the subject. When you meet a conversation, judge the two sides of the conversation according to the context.
Example [3]: Pei Gong said who is younger than you ∕ Pei Gong said that you were called to my brother for me (Hongmen banquet).
According to the total score:
Example [4]: Confucius said ∕ There are three pleasures for those who gain ∕ There are three pleasures for those who lose ∕ Music festivals, ceremonies and music ∕ Kindness of people who learn music ∕ Music makes friends with virtuous people ∕ Those who gain benefit ∕ Music pride ∕ Music travel notes ∕ Music feast ∕. (The Analects of Confucius, Volume 8)
After reading this sentence carefully, we can find that there are two sentences that have been said all the time: "The winner has three pleasures" and "The loser has three pleasures", and then explain which three pleasures are respectively, that is to say, this is a total score relationship, so that the problem is easy to handle.
According to rhetoric:
Classical Chinese also pays attention to rhetoric, and truthfulness, parallelism, duality, symmetry and repetition are common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese. Regular sentence patterns, more than four or six sentences, is another major feature of classical Chinese. Using these two characteristics, we can break sentences better.
Top truth: I told Pei Gong that he was frightened. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
Example [6]: When the King of Qin met on the platform, he was overjoyed and showed his beauty to the left and right, shouting long live. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) These two examples are closely linked with the same word, so we can consider reading sentences according to the true rhetoric.
Example [7] Symmetry: Sun Yat-sen sighed with shame: "There are few people who meet unexpectedly; This is due to the depth of unexpected resentment; This is due to sadness; A cup of mutton soup lost its country; I got two people and a pot of food. " ("Warring States Policy, Zhongshan Policy")
There are many symmetrical sentences in the example. "Less accidents" and "less accidents"; "This is due to adversity" and "This is due to sadness"; As long as we pay attention to these symmetrical sentences, it will be easy to break them.
Example [8] Repeatedly: "I am the beauty of Xu Hongmei in the north of the city", "I am the beauty of Xu Hongmei" and "I am the beauty of Xu Hongmei" (Zou Ji's satire can be taught) appear repeatedly in the article. Grasping this feature will naturally help to break sentences.
Distinguish sentence patterns:
The sentence patterns of classical Chinese, especially the fixed structure of classical Chinese, can help us to break sentences.
For example, "... zhe ... ye" is a typical sentence pattern (some sentences omit "zhe" or "ye", or words that express the relationship of judgment, such as "Wei, Nai, namely", can help us to break sentences); Rhetorical sentences such as "Bueh" ... Hue, Who and Hue, Qi ... Hue, An ... Zai and He ... Wei; Passive sentences such as "for ..."; There are also fixed sentence patterns, such as "Ru ... He" and "What's the situation ... Hu's" With "He (with) ... Wei". These are all good "helpers" for us to break sentences.
Ex. [9]: Learning while learning is not a pleasure. It is such a delight to have friends coming so far. Is it a gentleman without learning and skill? (The Analects of Confucius) This sentence "no … almost" obviously helped us to do this problem well.
Example [10]: Alas, its belief is evil, its dream is evil, and its spread is not its true evil? The sentence in the sentence "Qi ... evil" clearly answers this question for us. Of course, these so-called sentence-breaking methods can't be used in isolation, and they should be used in a multi-pronged way to be effective.
Example [1 1]: Zi Mozi said ∕ Nothing is more valuable than benevolence and righteousness ∕ Today, people say ∕ put a hat and shoes on their sons ∕ and brothers and sisters who broke their sons will not do it ∕ Why not? This article can be divided into sixteen sentences. Among them, five sentences can be broken with the help of the last auxiliary words "ye" and "Hu"; Three sentences can be broken by means of the "yue" indicating the dialogue relationship; With the help of the interrogative modal particle "he", you can break two sentences; With the help of the "zi" at the beginning of a sentence as the subject, you can break two sentences; Two sentences can be broken with the help of similar antitheses; With the help of summing up first, then dividing and then summing up, two sentences can be broken. This can be broken by sixteen sentences.
Investigation exercise
Read the article, break the sentences in brackets and translate them.
1. Ceng Zi's wife's city, her son cried. His mother said, "Give it back, turn your back and kill it for her." When his wife came back from the market, Ceng Zi wanted to catch a pig and kill it. His wife stopped him at once and said, "I'm just joking with my son." (Ceng Zi said: "Babies should not play with each other, but they should treat their parents with knowledge. Scholars should also listen to their parents' teaching. Today, children bully children and mothers bully children, but they don't believe that mothers don't want to be educated. " ) I cooked it. (Everything is wrong)
2. Zhang Yi learned to lobby princes. Taste from Chu to drink, leave Chu to die. (The door means that Zhang Yi said that if the instrument is poor and there is no wire, it will be stolen. * * * held Zhang Yi hostage and plundered hundreds. ) if you don't accept it, let it go. His wife said, "Hey! How can I be so humiliated if I don't study and lobby? " Zhang Yi said to his wife, "Do you think my tongue is still there?" His wife said, "The tongue is there." The instrument said, "That's enough!" (Sima Qian's Historical Records, Volume 70, Biography of Zhang Yi)
Zi chan's political career also depends on his ability. Feng Jianzi can break big things; Uncle Zi is beautiful and elegant; Gongsun Hui Neng knew about the trip to the Four Kingdoms, but he made a good speech because of the doctor's surname, class status and rank. If you can make a plan, you will get it if you plan for the field, but you won't get it if you plan for the city. (Zheng will have princes. (2) Zi Chan asked what the four countries of Yu Zi did, multiplied by words and interests, and told Feng Jianzi that what he did was to teach his son's uncle to do it, so as to deal with the guests. ) There are few failures. ("Thirty-one Years of Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong") Note: ① What the four countries did: what the neighboring countries did. (2) Governors' affairs: major political activities between governors. Yangzhou Middle School Zhu Xuehui
Reference answer
1. Sentences: Babies are not playful; Babies are not sensible and treat their parents; Scholars are also obedient to their parents; Children bully them now; Mothers bully their children; They don't trust their mother; They have no education.
Children can't play jokes on him. Children have no knowledge, waiting to learn from their parents and listen to their teachings. Now if you lie to him, you are teaching your child to cheat. If a mother cheats her son, he won't trust his mother. This is not the way to educate children.
2 words: I mean Zhang Yi ∕ Yue, I am poor and have no business, so I will steal your * * * and rob Zhang Yi for hundreds.
His doorman suspected that Zhang Yi had stolen it, and said, "Zhang Yi is poor and misbehaving. He must have stolen Guo Xiang's jade. " So they caught Zhang Yi together and beat him hundreds of times with a whip.
3. Sentence: Zheng Guo will have a vassal business. The birth of a son requires four countries to do this for Yu Zi. And multiply the words and benefits by the appropriate field and tell Feng Jianzi to make it successful.
When there was a major political activity between the princes of Zheng, the Zichan Association asked about the trends of countries around Yu Zi, and invited him to participate in negotiations and other negotiation activities. Then go to the suburbs by car with Bi Qian and let him plan what is feasible and what is not. Then tell Feng Jianzi the plan and let him participate in the decision-making. When everything is ready, I will give it to my uncle to carry out and deal with guests from all over the world.