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Summary of necessary knowledge points in college entrance examination history
How to improve historical achievements
The template of college entrance examination history must be memorized.
Summary of necessary knowledge points in college entrance examination history
First, the background of Shang Yang's political reform
(A) the background of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (inevitability)
1. Economy: the development of social economy and the emergence of feudal relations of production (the development of productive forces-the establishment of private ownership of land-the change of class relations)
2. Politics: the change of superstructure: the destruction of feudal patriarchal system
3. Military (the need of war): Qiang Bing, a rich country, has become the internal driving force for reform.
4. Ideology and culture: a hundred schools of thought contend (Legalists become the ideological weapon of political reform)
(2) The reforms and reforms in various countries provided experiences and lessons for Shang Yang's reform (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period).
1 Spring and Autumn Period: Guanzhong reformed the "initial tax mu" of Lu State.
2 Warring States Period: Li Kui Reform and Wuqi Reform.
(3) Qin needs reform and has the conditions for reform (specific background).
(1) internal advantages:
1 the power of the monarch is centralized, and the power of the slave owners and nobles is weak; zero
2 Legalist theory is easily recognized ○.
3 simple folk customs, full of martial spirit.
(2) External opportunities
1 Dividing the three ethnic groups into Jin greatly weakened the power to contain the development of Qin.
Scholars in the Central Plains lobbied other countries, which made it possible for Qin State to recruit talented people.
(3) The direct cause: Qin Xiaogong made great efforts to strengthen himself and appointed Shang Yang to reform.
Second, the content of Shang Yang's political reform
1, economy-"seeking wealth through agriculture" (rich country)
(1) Abandoning minefields to build buildings-establishing private ownership of feudal land (which has a far-reaching impact on feudal society)
(2) Pay attention to agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving.
(3) Unified measurement
2. Military-Qiang Bing
(1) Reward soldiers and implement a 20-level knight system.
(2) Abolish the "Shi Qing Shi Lu system" (the above measures are the most direct blow to aristocratic privileges)
3. Politics
(1) Establish a strict household registration system and work out the method of sitting together.
(2) The widespread implementation of the county system has a far-reaching impact on future generations.
(3) Formulating Qin Law
4, ideology and culture: writing poetry.
Essence: Cultural High Pressure Policy
Influence: suppressed people's thoughts and destroyed culture.
5, customs-reform social customs.
It is forbidden for father and son and adult brothers to live in the same room; Carry out monogamy and small family policy.
Third, the result of Shang Yang's political reform: "Although Shang Yang died, Qin Law still exists."
Reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform
(1) conforms to the historical trend of the feudal system replacing slavery and meets the requirements of the emerging landlord class (the root cause)
(2) the reform measures are comprehensive and thorough, and the law enforcement is like a mountain ("law and monarch", law is not expensive)
(3) Fully publicize and win the trust of the people ("South Gate Migration Wood")
(4) Qin Xiaogong's strong support (political guarantee)
Fourthly, evaluate Shang Yang's political reform (nature, positive influence and limitations).
1. nature: it is a relatively thorough landlord class reform movement.
2. Positive impact: promoting social progress; Promoted economic prosperity; National strength is enhanced; It laid the foundation for Qiang Bing, a rich country in Qin, and later unified the whole country.
3. Limitations:
(1) Ignorant education, severe punishment for misdemeanor.
(2) Aggravating exploitation and oppression.
(3) The reform is not thorough.
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How to improve historical achievements
The first point: rote learning. At present, the college entrance examination is less than a month away. The most direct way to improve a period of historical achievements is to learn by rote. The knowledge points of history are relatively fixed, such as the time and significance of the May 4th Movement, which cannot be tampered with.
The second point: tap the internal connection of knowledge points. History is not dead, but a record of human activities, so it is necessary to summarize and sort out the knowledge content of history, find similarities and differences, and find the connection between events. Then understand and digest yourself, and finally express it with your own point of view.
The third point: do more test questions. There is nothing wrong with doing more exercises in any subject, especially history, where many knowledge points are memorized. By doing exercises, we can consolidate our knowledge, better check and fill the gaps, and thus better fill the gaps.
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The template of college entrance examination history must be memorized.
1. Background generally refers to the historical environment in which a historical event took place, which essentially includes two aspects: reasons and conditions. For example, the background of opening a new air route includes four reasons and three conditions.
The reasons and conditions are basically similar in meaning, but slightly different:
First, the reason emphasizes "why", that is, necessity, and the condition emphasizes "what", that is, possibility;
Second, the scope of use of conditions is smaller than that of reasons. For example, the success or failure of historical events or sports can only be analyzed and cannot be expressed by conditions. For example, analyze the reasons for the failure of the Paris Commune. In this issue, "reason" cannot be replaced by "condition".
Historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)
(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...
(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...
(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...
Such as: the background of the Opium War;
(1) Domestic:
1, economy:
Natural economy+budding capitalism+land concentration.
2. Politics:
① Corruption: officialdom+army+finance.
② Class contradiction.
3. I thought:
Ignorance and arrogance.
(2) International:
1, economy:
Industrial Revolution → Market Raw Materials.
2. Politics:
Capitalist expansion.
2. Historical conditions = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)
(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...
(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...
(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...
But more emphasis on favorable factors, such as the historical conditions of the October Revolution:
(1) Domestic:
① Economy: Capitalism has developed into monopoly, relatively backward and living in poverty.
(2) Politics: Tsar _ _ _ _ _, the growth of the proletariat, the maturity of revolutionary political parties, and the change of power balance.
③ Thought: the guidance of Leninism.
(2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I, etc.
3. Historical reasons
(1) Analysis from the breadth of reasons: reasons = subjective (internal)+objective (external).
Internal or subjective reasons generally refer to factors closely related to the subjective consciousness of the class, stratum, group and individual where the event (or person) is located.
External cause or objective reason refers to the reason closely related to the former but not influenced by the subjective consciousness of the former. The advantage of this and cause analysis is that it is abstract and profound, and it is easy to stimulate students' subjective initiative.
It should be pointed out that when internal and external causes belong to a large-scale historical concept that is difficult to play a decisive role in the consciousness of society, country and others, then they refer to internal and external causes, which distinguishes subjective and objective reasons.
Subjective reasons and objective reasons: the former belongs to self-consciousness, that is, man-made reasons; The latter is the reason why it exists independently outside human consciousness.
⑴ Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, economic, political and ideological factors within the participants. It belongs to the reason of self-consciousness, that is, the man-made reason;
⑵ Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors. Is the reason why it exists independently outside human consciousness.
The breadth of reasons is basically the same as that of background analysis, with the background focusing on static analysis and the reasons focusing on dynamic analysis.
For example, the breadth analysis of the causes of the American War of Independence:
Internal reasons:
① Economy: the development of capitalist economy and the unification of the market.
② Politics: the formation of the American nation, the bourgeoisie and planters.
③ Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc.
External reasons:
(1) Britain's economic plunder and political oppression.
(2) the influence of enlightenment, etc.
(B) In-depth analysis of the reasons: reasons: → direct → main → fundamental.
Root: refers to many factors that affect the historical development, which is inevitable and plays a decisive role in the historical process.
We can explore the fundamental causes of historical development from the perspectives of productive forces and relations of production, social basic contradiction movement of economic base and superstructure, class nature and the main causes of historical development.
The so-called root refers to the internal and essential inevitable factors that promote the production of historical things, which is the soil for the production of historical things and plays a decisive role in the production process of historical things. Without this factor, the corresponding historical things would not have come into being.
The main reason: refers to the factors that play a leading and decisive role in the production of historical things. With this factor, historical things will have the characteristics of that era. Without this factor, historical things will not appear with the characteristics of the times, or even produce.
Direct cause: refers to the recent inducing factors that lead to the occurrence of events. "Direct" means that we should pay attention to the analysis of the closest factors in time relations or logical relations, without going through intermediate things and intermediate links.
The fuse of the event is usually the direct cause. It is an accidental factor that plays a catalytic role in the process of historical things.
There are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration among the three.
For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes.
4. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction and contradiction between different interest groups. ...
For example, the reasons for the outbreak of the Dutch revolution:
(1) The contradiction between capitalist economic development and the old system.
② The contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal class.
(3) the national contradiction between the Dutch people and the Spanish rulers.
(4) the contradiction between Calvinism and Catholicism and so on.
5. Purpose and motivation: the purpose is the place or situation you want to achieve; The desired result. The prepositional structure of "for ..." is often used to express it. It is also the reason in essence, but the tone is more direct and subjective, which generally belongs to the direct cause.
Purpose and motivation: → Direct → Main → Fundamental
(1) Direct motivation: to solve various crises or problems currently facing.
(2) Main purpose: to achieve a certain purpose and achieve stability and development.
⑶ Fundamental purpose: to establish or consolidate the rule and safeguard the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests).
Purpose and motivation are subjective reasons and the subjective will of the initiator of the incident.
For example, Wang Anshi's political reform: the direct motive is to solve the social crisis; The main purpose is to increase fiscal revenue, ease class contradictions and realize Qiang Bing's prosperity. The fundamental purpose is to consolidate feudal rule.
② Characteristics and characteristics; Essence and essence, meaning and difference
Characteristics and characteristics: characteristics are unique places that people or things have, and in layman's terms, they are unique places. Therefore, if you ask about the characteristics of a historical event or revolutionary movement, you should compare and identify similar events or revolutionary movements to find out their differences.
For example, the characteristics of the British bourgeois revolution, first, in the process of revolution, the bourgeoisie and new noble formed an alliance to grasp the leadership of the revolution (which the American and French bourgeois revolutions do not have); The second is to mark the beginning of modern world history (which is also absent from the bourgeois revolution in the United States and France).
Another example: The Huang Chao Uprising was characterized by mobile operations, and no solid base areas were established.
Nature and essence: nature is the fundamental attribute that distinguishes one thing from other things. That is, put aside the superficial phenomenon and look at its characteristics, its characteristics and its essence.
When analyzing the nature of a historical event, we can often catch some signs from its cause and purpose. Because the things referred to are different, nature often has different specific meanings.
If it refers to the nature of a book, it specifies which aspect (or category) it belongs to and what style it is written in. If it is the nature of war, we need to pay attention to whether this war is just or unjust, aggressive or anti-aggressive, and so on.
If you ask about the nature of the revolution, you must take the social form at that time as the starting point, see which stage is the main driving force of the revolution, and see what its struggle program advocates, what it opposes, what class it seeks, why classes speak, and so on. And finally determine its class attributes and social attributes.
The essence is the essence. It refers to the inherent nature of things, which determines their nature, appearance and development. The essence of things is hidden, and it is expressed through phenomena. We can't understand them through simple intuition, but grasp the essence through phenomena.
For example, the reform in Russia 186 1 year was, by its nature, a bourgeois reform carried out by serf owners; In essence, it is a blatant plunder of farmers.
Sometimes nature and essence will become one. For example, triple alliance and the Three Kingdoms Pact are both imperialist military aggression groups in nature or essence. But in essence, it focuses on military aggression and is essentially imperialism.
After 3; Content meaning and difference
After the so-called process, it refers to experience and process. In addition to the cause and effect, a historical event generally includes at least three parts: occurrence, development and ending. What happened to the May 4th Movement? There are three parts to answer: the outbreak, development and ending (initial victory) of the May 4th Movement.
Historical content = economy+politics+culture+ ...
Historical content is an objective history and an objective record of major historical activities of mankind. The main body of the activity includes important historical figures, groups, organizations and institutions.
Activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans and treaties; Cultural theory, technology, cultural relics, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc. The general historical content can be analyzed from the aspects of economy, politics and culture.
Economic content: productivity+relations of production+economic structure and layout+ ...
(1) Ancient economy = economic system+economic policy+(agriculture+handicrafts+commerce)+economic structure and layout+ ...
(1) economic policy = general policy+land+tax+individual+tax. ...
② Agricultural economy = population+land+tools+water conservancy+crops+layout+ ...
(3) handicraft economy = (textile+mining+ceramics+) ...) (technology+layout+...)
(4) Commodity economy = city+transportation+commodity+market+currency+border trade+foreign trade+ ...
⑤ Economic structure and layout = the change of the proportion of economic components+the change of economic center of gravity+the expansion of economic mode+ ...
The general analysis method of ancient economy is to first analyze the adjustment of economic policies in various periods, and then analyze economic development from agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and other aspects.
For example, the economy of the Tang Dynasty: First, analyze the overall policy of attaching importance to agriculture and the measures to restore the economy in the early Tang Dynasty, such as land equalization system, rent and commission modulation and so on. Then analyze agriculture, such as the improvement of production tools, the construction of water conservancy, the reclamation of wasteland, grain weaving, population growth and so on. Technology and layout of silk weaving, ceramics and paper making in handicraft industry; The prosperity of urban commerce, the development of national and foreign trade, etc.
From the overall development analysis, the commodity economy is still weak, the north-south economy tends to be balanced, and the feudal mode of production expands to the frontier.
(2) Modern economy = economic development factors+economic components+international economy+ ...
(1) Economic development factors = technology+capital+market+raw materials+labor+economic structure+management mode+policy+ ...
For example,/kloc-the factors of American economic development in the second half of 0/9 century: including the labor force and technology brought by immigrants; Western development provides markets and raw materials; Abolish plantation slavery, large-scale agricultural management and monopoly mode.
② Economic composition = natural economy+foreign investment+joint venture+private capital+official capital+state-owned+collective+individual+ ...
For example, in the early days of New China, the landlord economy was eliminated, the rich peasant economy was retained, and the peasant individual economy was developed; Imperialist enterprises and bureaucratic capital in China were confiscated, and national capitalism resumed development; State-owned enterprises have established a dominant position, and the collective cooperative economy has emerged.
③ International economy = overall pattern+(production+management+capital+technology+market+tariff) (cooperation+competition)
For example, the trend of multipolarization of contemporary world economic structure, collectivization of economic regions and global modernization; It is reflected in the cooperation and competition between countries and groups in production, management, capital, technology, market and tariff trade.
4 Effect, result, consequence, significance, influence, function, lesson, implication and difference.
Effect, result, consequence
Effect: refers to the result (mostly good) produced by a certain force, practice or factor.
Results: At a certain stage, things reach the final state of development.
Consequence: refers to the final result (often used in bad ways).
From the part of speech, the effect is affirmative and the consequence is negative. In the history question, the use effect is not much. The most commonly used is the result, sometimes the consequence.
For example, briefly describe the course and results of november revolution in germany. You can't use consequences for this problem. For another example, how did Britain, France and the United States carry out the appeasement policy on the eve of World War II? What are the consequences? This question is very good with "consequences".
Generally speaking, results can replace consequences.
Function, influence and significance
Function: it is the influence, function or utility on things.
Influence: refers to the influence on people or things.
Meaning: refers to value and function.
The function and influence are basically the same. However, it should be noted that in the historical question and answer, the role and influence should be considered from both positive and negative aspects: the role includes both positive and negative aspects; In nature, the impact is both positive and negative; From the scope, there are internal (such as domestic) influences and external (such as international) influences; In terms of time, it has a direct and long-term impact; and so on ...
Compared with its function and influence, its scope is much larger. Generally speaking, the nature, characteristics, functions, influences, consequences, evaluations and lessons are all in the category of "meaning". Therefore, if the topic asks what is the meaning of something, all the points mentioned above should be considered.
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Summary of necessary knowledge points of articles related to college entrance examination history:
★ Summary of the historical essentials of the college entrance examination
★ Summary of knowledge points of history college entrance examination
★ The history of the college entrance examination must recite the knowledge points and summarize them.
★ Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in the history of college entrance examination
★ Summary of required knowledge points in college entrance examination history
★ Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in the history of college entrance examination
★ Key knowledge points of college entrance examination history
★ Important knowledge points necessary for history review of college entrance examination
★ Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in senior three history.
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