On Reading Teaching and Appreciation Skills of Chinese Poetry in Middle School
As one of the four major literary styles, poetry is a dazzling pearl in the field of literature. Both China's classical poems and Chinese and foreign modern and contemporary poems have attractive charm. As a middle school student, we should have the ability to appreciate and appreciate poetry by reading textbooks and poems.
As far as the difference between reading and appreciation is concerned, appreciation is higher than reading. As far as poetry reading teaching is concerned, teachers' treatment of textbook poetry is only the individual and carrier to teach students to read and appreciate poetry. Reading poetry, just a few poems in the textbook, is far from enough. Therefore, the key to the teaching of Chinese poetry in middle schools is to teach students the ability to appreciate poetry independently and accurately through the carrier of textbook poetry. Therefore, the success of poetry reading teaching depends on whether students have the ability to appreciate poetry. From this perspective, poetry reading teaching is also poetry appreciation teaching.
Poetry appreciation can not only improve people's literary aesthetic taste, but also cultivate people's good cultural accomplishment, so 1993 has been welcomed by Chinese teachers in middle schools since it appeared in the college entrance examination questions. However, due to the weak cultural background of candidates, the score rate of poetry appreciation questions has been low. In the past, the review of poetry appreciation often emphasized guiding students to carefully distinguish the types of questions, clarify the common mistakes in the selection of questions, and master certain problem-solving skills. In 2002, the problem of poetry appreciation in college entrance examination broke the way of objective multiple-choice questions in the past, and examined students' poetry appreciation ability in the form of subjective expression, which increased the difficulty of poetry appreciation to some extent. Facing the new questions and requirements, how to improve students' ability of poetry appreciation in the usual Chinese teaching and successfully complete the answer sheet of poetry appreciation in the examination room? According to my experience in teaching poetry, I think the reading and appreciation of classical poetry can mainly start from the following aspects.
First, repeat and stimulate the imagination:
The ancients often said that "you can recite 300 poems if you can't write Tang poems", and Han Yu also wrote in "Interpretation of Learning": "You have to recite six arts". It can be seen that reading a lot and reciting repeatedly are effective ways to cultivate language sense and improve appreciation ability. In the cadence and emotional reading, we can deeply taste the charm, artistic conception and emotion of poetry. When reading, you need to expand your imagination. Imagination is a bridge to arouse emotions. In imagination, we can restore the image described by poetry and appreciate the author's poetic feelings in our feelings. In this way, the author brought our spirit to a new level.
Second, accumulate and use appreciation knowledge.
1, stylistic knowledge:
China's classical poems are extensive and profound. Appreciating ancient poetry may be blind and passive if you don't have certain knowledge of poetry style. First of all, to have a clear understanding of the evolution of China's classical poetry, we should not only master the two literary sources of realism and romanticism, but also sort out the development of poetry in historical order; Secondly, we should have a clear understanding of the metrical knowledge of poetry, such as syntax, rhyme, antithesis, epigraph, qupai and so on. Thirdly, we should fully grasp the characteristics of poetry: high generality, vivid image, strong lyricism and distinctive musicality.
2. Poetry content
Different types of poetry have their own characteristics in the form of expression, rhythm and prosody, which can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry and philosophical poetry according to the form of expression. According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry; According to the language, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), poems about objects, frontier poems, poems about homesickness, poems about epic poems and so on.
1. Landscape pastoral poetry: Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry, focusing on praising the landscape pastoral in natural scenery. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that all scenery words are sentimental words, that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated with the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express the author's thoughts and feelings. The main representatives of landscape pastoral poetry are Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Xie Shu, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei and Yang Wanli. Of course, there are Li Bai, Du Fu and Su Shi. There are also a large number of excellent works describing landscapes. For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Mountain Residence" "After the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? By describing the beautiful scenery in the mountains, the simple folk customs in the mountain villages and the industrious people in the countryside, the poet outlined his ideal social realm, expressed his satisfaction with his current secluded life, and fully embodied Wang Wei's characteristics of "painting in poetry and poetry in painting".
(2) Poems about things: Poems about things are characterized by expressing ambition by supporting things. When appreciating poems about objects, we must pay attention to the feelings the author places when describing things. The emotional expression of some object-chanting poems is implicit, which requires us to appreciate it carefully when reading. For example, Yu Qian's Lime Lyrics: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle." I am not afraid of being crushed to pieces, but I want to leave my innocence in the world. "The value of this poem lies in using lime as a metaphor everywhere to express a person's determination to be loyal to the country, not afraid of sacrifice, and stick to noble sentiments. Singing lime is to sing your open mind and noble and innocent personality.
3. Frontier poems: frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, unrestrained and uninhibited, with representatives such as Gao Shi and Cen Can; However, the frontier poems in the Song Dynasty show more resentment and sadness about serving the country and the hopeless sadness of returning home, with Fan Zhongyan as the representative. The frontier fortress poems are characterized by showing the times from different angles. When appreciating, we should first grasp the characteristics of the times, and then scrutinize the different thoughts and feelings contained in the works. For example, Cen Can's "On the Envoys of the Jingshi" said: "The east road of my hometown is long, and the dragon bell with double sleeves tears." I will meet you immediately without paper and pen, and I will bring your news to report peace. "Reflect the heart song of thinking of relatives while guarding the border. Although things are small, feelings are deep.
(4) Reminiscent poems: If writing scenery poems is lyrical through scenery, then the characteristic of reminiscence poems is instant lyricism. The author often feels something because of one thing, and writes a poem to express his feelings. To appreciate this kind of poetry, we must first understand what the author wrote, and then appreciate what feelings the author expressed. Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night "When asked about the return date, it rains in the autumn pool at night." Why * * want to cut the candle at the west window and talk about the late rain? "The first two sentences of the poem describe the immediate environment in the form of a question and answer, that is," What is it ",and expound the feeling of loneliness and the deep nostalgia for his wife, that is, expressing feelings. The last two sentences imagine the joy of meeting again tomorrow and having a heart-to-heart talk, which sets off the loneliness tonight and is a further expression.
⑤ Poem-chanting: Poetry-chanting mostly combines feelings about nature, society and history with concise words and carefully selected images, or laments the rise and fall of dynasties, or laments the rapid changes of years, or satirizes the dissoluteness and shamelessness of politicians, thus expressing the author's meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life, and containing a deep anxiety that nostalgia hurts the present. The representatives of the epic are Liu Yuxi and Du Mu. Su Shi's Niannujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia is an epic model. The poet stood on the vast ancient battlefield and rolled forward along the Yangtze River, expressing his deep affection for history and life. Time is running out. Zhou Lang, a hero who is easy to die, elegant and decisive in command, aroused the poet's feelings of self-harm and self-injury.
3. poetic style?
Because of the writer's different life experiences, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment, they show their unique styles, styles and tastes in their creations, forming different styles of their works. The desolation and vitality of Sancao's poetic style: the euphemistic implication of Zhang Jiuling's poetic style: Meng Haoran's poetic style is light in language, heavy in charm, quiet and healthy; Wang Wei's poetic style is dull and vivid; Wang Changling's poetic style is vigorous and powerful; Li Bai's poetic style is elegant and free; The depression and frustration of Du Fu's poetic style: Gao Shi and Cen Can's poetic style is magnificent and extraordinary; The freshness and elegance of Wei's poetic style: Han Yu's poetic style is magnificent, peculiar and novel; The desolation of Jia Dao's poetic style; The melancholy and indignation of Li He's poetic style: Yuan Zhen's poetic style is gorgeous and shallow; Bai Juyi's poetic style is plain and fresh; Liu Yuxi's poetic style is clear and clear; Li Shangyin's poetic style is beautiful and elegant; The subtle and graceful style of Du Mu's poems; Li Yu's poetic style is sentimental and delicate; Ouyang xiu's ci style is beautiful and beautiful; The desolate and tragic style of Fan Zhongyan's ci: Yan Shu's ci style is clear and sparse; Su Shi's broad-minded and heroic; The charm of Liu Yong's ci style; The natural fluency of Huang Tingjian's ci: Qin Guan's ci style is sincere and sincere; The graceful style of Li Qingzhao's ci: Yang Wanli's style is fresh and lively; Lu You's poetic style is bold, beautiful and smooth; Xin Qiji's poetic style is magnificent; Jiang Kui's ci style is exquisite, beautiful and far-reaching. We should strengthen the perceptual knowledge of writers' works through our own appreciation activities, so as to sum up the styles of various writers. Understanding the poet's style is helpful to grasp the thoughts and feelings they express in their poems.
4. Language features?
Language is the carrier of poetry, and analyzing language is an important link in literary appreciation. Only by accurately understanding the language of the work can we further evaluate and appreciate the work. (1) fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. ② Plain, also known as plain. It is characterized by choosing exact words to state directly, or using simple drawings without modification, which is true, profound and approachable. (3) gorgeous. It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings. (4) lively. It is characterized by firmness and decisiveness. (5) Recessive. Its characteristic is that the intention is beyond the words, often not directly described, but tortuous, telling him this, or quoting without sending it, or trying to say it for readers to appreciate. (6) simplicity. Simple and clear.
5. Poetic imagery?
Image is something that moves the author's feelings in poetry. The author should express his inner feelings through images. Guiding students to grasp the moral behind the image is an important factor for the success of appreciation. For example, from the images of "solitary sail and distant shadow" described in "Lonely sail and distant shadow is the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky", we can realize the deep friendship that the author is still reluctant to go from ferry to distant shadow. For another example, in "Where to Wake Up Tonight, Yang Liuan where the breeze is waning", images such as "willow", "breeze" and "waning moon" convey sad feelings, three friends (pine, bamboo and plum) and chrysanthemums symbolize people's noble character, peach blossoms symbolize beauty, birds symbolize freedom and so on. In addition, we should also know our traditional aesthetic habits, such as "looking at the moon and thinking about a distance", "hurting spring and mourning autumn", "thinking about the fleeting time when you see running water" and "caring for people when it rains", which are all in line with our traditional aesthetic characteristics.
6. Expression techniques? The imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed by various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; There are three ways of lyricism: direct lyricism, lyricism through scenery and scene blending. The structural form of poetry, the common concern from beginning to end, goes deep in layers, first generalizes and then divides, first scenery and then emotion, transition, bedding and foreshadowing. The main rhetorical devices are antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbolism, while other writing devices include Fu Bi's arousing, contrast, rendering, expressing ambition, suppressing before promoting, associating imagination and word order inversion. Students should be familiar with these technologies so that they can appreciate them easily.
7. Lyric way? There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Third, flexible use of answering skills.
Students should pay attention to "three notes" when answering subjective appreciation questions;
First of all, we should pay attention to the topics, some of which are suggestive in themselves: Yang Jiong joined the army, Li Bai visited ancient times in Vietnam, bid farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou, Luo's Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada, Du Fu's and so on.
Secondly, pay attention to the author. Generally, the selected poems can represent the author's main creative style, such as the bold words of Su Shi and Xin Qiji, the graceful words of Liu Yong and Qin Guan, the romantic poems of Li Bai, and Wang Wei's "painting in poetry" and so on. Paying attention to this is very beneficial to the overall appreciation.
Again, pay attention to the notes. Although the notes are only one or two sentences, they are hints from the questioner. Sometimes introducing the writing background implies the ideological content of your poem; Sometimes introducing related poems is to imply the allusions or artistic conception of your poems. Sometimes introducing the author hints at the writing style of your poem. So, be sure to study your notes carefully!
It can be said that poetry appreciation is half the battle if the "three essentials" are achieved.
Fourth, strengthen written expression.
After some appreciation training, students often have their own unique views and feelings about a poem. Once the language description is completed, students' thinking will often be greatly discounted, and the appreciation words written lack logic and organization, and they cannot express their ideas, which becomes the bottleneck of ideological expression. Judging from the marking effect, marking teachers are also more inclined to like those fresh, well-expressed, organized and logical answers. Therefore, the training requirements of written expression are refreshing, rigorous, clear and logical.
There is no need to elaborate on the requirements for refreshing the volume. Although the words you appreciate are much less than the composition, candidates must follow the principle of "conception first", first conceive and then put pen to paper to avoid smearing. The paper is fresh, the marking teacher is naturally happy, and the candidates are invisibly well received.
Rigorous expression means paying attention to the rigor of expression in writing. No matter whether it is the care before and after or the link from the beginning to the end, we can't lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another, let alone be inconsistent.
Clear organization is a structural requirement. Generally speaking, the obvious styles of one, two, three, four or one, two, etc. are often clearly evaluated.
Logical means, even if your point of view is "before me, where are those lost times?" Behind me, where is the next generation? " You should be able to justify yourself.
The appreciation of poetry is generally discussed from the aspects of content, form and answering skills. I believe that as long as students are interested in poetry, master certain laws and methods, overcome utilitarianism, and abandon the practice of doing problems for the sake of doing problems, they will certainly open the door to poetry appreciation and be comfortable in their usual study and college entrance examination.
The preliminary appreciation of the content, language and expression skills of literary works is an important content in the new textual research outline. One of the hot issues is the appreciation of modern poetry, which has attracted much attention. So, how to appreciate modern poetry?
Judging from the reality of college entrance examination, the test of modern poetry mostly appears in the form of multiple-choice questions, such as 1999 college entrance examination Chinese question 10 in Ai Qing's poems.
Enjoy "I love this land" and so on. In the specific exam-taking process, I think the following problem-solving skills can be adopted.
First, borrow skills, grasp the key, and see the essence through the phenomenon.
Poetry attaches importance to thinking in images and meaning. When a poet describes something, the purpose is often not to say what it looks like, but to express his thoughts and feelings; Writing scenery is lyrical by borrowing scenery, and chanting things is lyrical by borrowing things. And these images and emotions all depend on poetry.
The expression of Song language, if we can grasp these key verses with the help of this poetic skill in the examination, then we can clear the fog and grasp the theme of the whole poem through phenomena, thus successfully answering questions about the theme. For example:
The correct understanding of the theme of the poem "Old Horse" written by the poet Cang Kejia in 1932 is ().
Always ask the cart to be full/it doesn't say a word/the pressure on its back goes into the meat/it hangs its head heavily.
I don't know the fate of the next moment/it has tears in its heart/a whip in its eyes/it looks up at the front.
A. It reflects the low productivity of old China, and long-distance transportation still depends on old-fashioned carriages.
B, sympathize with the suffering of the old horse and the fate of being arbitrarily ravaged.
C it shows that the people of old China are dying, and their fate is very tragic.
D reveals that the people of old China are enduring great sufferings with amazing perseverance.
This poem is about horses, but the author never talks about horses in reality. The author is obviously comparing people with horses. Both items A and B in this question are mistakes in not understanding this technology. Item C can relate to the background of poetry writing to develop imagination and association, and know how to describe people with Malay, but it is wrong to understand the theme of poetry. Key sentences such as "It doesn't say a word", "It hangs its head heavily" and "It only swallows tears in its stomach" depict the image of "enduring" rather than "struggling", which is a true portrayal of the tragic image of the disaster-stricken old China people. The answer should be D.
Second, according to needs, look at collocation and pay attention to expression in context.
Modern poetry, like classical poetry, also attaches great importance to the tempering of language. There is a kind of examination question that examines the ability to use words. To do this kind of questions, we should first look at the collocation of words, secondly at the need of expression methods, and thirdly at whether it conforms to the meaning of sentences and poetic context, so as to eliminate mistakes and preserve correctness. For example:
Read the following poem and complete the questions after the poem.
Maybe.-Corona.
Wen Yiduo
Maybe you are really tired of crying. /Maybe, maybe you need to sleep. /Then tell the nighthawk not to cough. /Don't howl for frogs or fly for bats.
Don't let the sun shine on your eyes/don't let the breeze blow your eyebrows. No matter who can wake you up, /C the shade of pine trees covers your sleep. /
Maybe you're listening to this/earthworms turning mud,/listening to the roots of this grass absorbing water,/maybe you're listening to this music,/which is better than the sound of swearing.
Then close your eyelids first. /I'll let you sleep and I'll let you sleep. /I gently cover the loess for you,/I ask the paper money to fly slowly.
In the second section, abc has three places and one word. After filling in in turn, it is appropriate to ().
A, taking photos of floating trees B, blowing blades C, brushing umbrellas D, and shooting herds
Looking closely at the whole poem, we can see that in A, the subject is "sunshine" and the object is "eyes", and the word "lane" is obviously inappropriate. According to the following "No one can wake you up", it can be seen that ab adopts anthropomorphic method, and "photo" and "pat" can't have anthropomorphic effect, so "dial" in A place and "brush" in B place can't have anthropomorphic effect, so "Tuan" and "Song Yin" in C place are not properly matched. Comparing the four options, the answer should be C.
Third, read the original poem and think comprehensively according to the topic to prevent one-sidedness.
Some questions about the understanding of ideological content and writing skills often adopt the way of digression, setting confusing items and disturbing candidates. In the exam, we should consider the conditions provided by the original poem, notes and questions comprehensively before answering. Or take Mr Wen Yiduo's "coronach" as an example.
(see original poem):
This poem was written by the author for her eldest daughter Li Ying when she was three years old. The appropriate way to express thoughts and feelings is ()
A. Show the father's great love and pity for his dead daughter, and feel extremely sad inside.
B. By mourning his daughter, he expressed the poet's strong dissatisfaction with the "curse voice" in the real society.
C shows that the father really prayed for his dead daughter, hoping that she could sleep in the ground.
D through mourning for his daughter, he expressed the poet's strong desire to live a quiet and peaceful life.
(2) This poem describes nighthawk, bat, sunshine, breeze, pine shade, earthworm, grass, loess, paper money and other things and related actions or sounds. The purpose of this writing is ()
A. symbolizing the social environment through concrete images.
B. Make vivid contrast through concrete images.
C. through concrete images, the real artistic conception is set off.
D. develop rich imagination through concrete images.
The first one examines the understanding of the ideological content of poetry. Some candidates know that Wen Yiduo is a democracy fighter and that his poetry collection Dead Water attacks the dark reality, so they choose item B without thinking. This is not correct. The stem of this question has been suggested: this poem
This is written by the author for her three-year-old daughter Li Ying. Even if you write for a dead woman, you should express your grief. So the answer should be a.
The second sub-item examines the understanding of writing methods. According to the above analysis of poetry, item B is incorrect. There are metaphors in the poem, but these things are not all used for metaphors. Item A is not correct. Item D, "Expanding rich imagination", deviates too far from the main idea of the performance. Only item C is closely related to mourning for the dead daughter, which is correct.
Fourth, find contradictions, deduce poems, and grasp images to argue authenticity.
The investigation of modern poetry generally focuses on the theme, image and artistic conception of poetry. Proposers often use affirmative or negative contradictory methods to interfere with candidates when setting options. Therefore, in the examination, we should first find out the contradictory items, then stick to the topic and theme, grasp the image characteristics of poetry, and distinguish the authenticity. For example (1999 college entrance examination Chinese questions 10):
Appreciate the following poem, the inappropriate sentence is
I love this land.
Ai Qing
If I were a bird,/I should also sing with a hoarse throat:/This land has been hit by storms,/This sorrowful river is always surging,/This restless wind is blowing,/There is an incomparably gentle dawn from the forest ... and then I die.
Even the feathers are rotten in the ground.
Why do my eyes often close and shed tears? Because I love this land deeply. ...
1938165438+10/7
A. The poet uses "hoarseness" to describe the bird's singing, instead of "the pearl is round and jade is moist", which makes people feel the ups and downs, sadness and persistent love experienced by the singer.
B A group of poems about "land", "river", "wind" and "dawn" express the sufferings of the earth, the people's grief and indignation, and their yearning and hope for the light.
C. "Then I died/even my feathers rotted in the ground." These two poems vividly and fully express the poet's attachment to the land. It means dedication.
D. "Why do I often have tears in my eyes? /Because I love this land deeply ... "The word" I "in these two poems refers to the vehicle" bird "rather than the poet himself.
I love this land is a famous poem by Ai Qing during the Anti-Japanese War. These four options focus on the emotion expressed in poetry, the meaning contained in images and writing skills. Among them, C and D "vividly and fully express the poet's attachment to the land" and "in poetry"
"I" refers to the metaphor "bird" rather than the poet himself, which constitutes an obvious contradiction and must be wrong. When answering questions, you can make a detailed distinction from here. Reading poems shows that "I" is the poet's self-image, whose image is characterized by "loving this land" and the title of the poem is very clear. As for this poem,
"Bird" is a parody of "I" to enrich the image of "I", but "I" is not the image of the whole poem. Moreover, the poet's last two sentences have returned to reality from the realm of metaphor, and the poet is directly expressing his feelings to the readers. Therefore, according to this image feature, it is not difficult for us to judge that item D is inappropriate.
Yes
In short, in the usual process of poetry appreciation, we only need to master the appreciation methods and skills above classical poetry and modern poetry, so as to be suitable for poetry, topics and flexible use. Then I think, whether it is modern poetry or classical poetry, whether it is reading or taking exams at ordinary times, we will be able to cope with it.