In classical poetry, all works with the theme of describing the life in the inner court of the court are collectively called palace poems. As far as its content is concerned, it can be divided into two categories: one is to talk about amusement or secretly in the palace, which is generally not desirable; A kind of women who sympathize with the claustrophobic patients in the deep palace express their unfortunate experiences and depressed feelings, thus reflecting the evil side of the feudal system. The latter kind of poem can't be called palace resentment poem. There were many poets who were good at writing palace grievances in the Tang Dynasty, among which Wang Changling was the most respected.
Shen Deqian praised Wang Changling's quatrains in his Collection of Tang Poems: "Deep feelings and bitterness, vague meaning, unpredictable and endless drama, are called Sao language in the Tang Dynasty." This mainly refers to his palace resentment poems. In "Tang Yin Gui Qian", Hu Zhenheng also said that his four-line palace ci was "a multipolar work". The following is one of his Five Poems of Long Letter and Autumn:
The plane tree leaves in Jinjingbian are yellow, and the night pearl curtain is not rolled out to see the frost.
Jade pillow jade pillow looks like a withered face, lying on your back and worrying about listening to the south temple-style leaking face.
This poem of palace resentment, with profound and implicit brushwork and lyrical scenery, depicts a girl deprived of youth, freedom and happiness, lying alone in a desolate and lonely palace, listening to uterine leakage. This is a human tragedy under the feudal system. Just because the emperor with unlimited privileges wanted to satisfy his personal lust, he locked thousands of young girls in his palace and let them live a life of separation of flesh and blood and isolation from the world. It is not difficult to imagine how many sleepless nights, endless sufferings and endless days there will be in their lives. This poem is just a fragment cut from countless tragic pictures of life.
On such a sleepless night, the poet is full of troubles and worries, and her resentment should be endless. There are only four sentences in this poem, with a total of 28 words. Supposedly, even if every word is written with grievances, I'm afraid I can't write her grievances, just in case. However, when writing a poem, the author did not hesitate to spend the first three sentences on the scenery, leaving only the last sentence to write characters, and even in this last sentence, he did not describe the grievances clearly. Writing in this way, at first glance, seems to leave the theme of this poem, but it shows the theme more powerfully and profoundly in artistic effect. This is because: as far as the first three poems are concerned, although they are about scenery, they are not about scenery, but about the appearance of the last character; As far as a poem is concerned, although the first three sentences and the last one are divided into scenery and characters, the four poems are integrated and all are for expressing their feelings.
The title of this poem is Autumn Poetry. Its first sentence, "The phoenix tree in the golden well is yellow with autumn leaves", punctuates this poem with phoenix tree beside the well and yellow leaves in late autumn, and at the same time plays the role of rendering colors and setting off the atmosphere. From the beginning, it introduced readers into a cold environment. The second sentence, "The bead curtain doesn't roll the night frost", shows that it is already late at night through the fact that the bead curtain doesn't roll the night frost thick, thus depicting the environment more desolate. The third sentence, "Smoked jade pillow has no color", is to turn the pen indoors. There should be a lot of scenery to write about in the room, but the author only chose two utensils: a smoke cage and a jade pillow. He wrote smoked cages in order to further dye the atmosphere of the deep palace on a cold night; Writing jade pillows reminds people of the loneliness of people who don't sleep in bed. The author also used the word "colorless" to describe smoke cages and jade pillows. This is both real writing and imaginary writing. In fact, first, it shows that this is a cold palace, and the indoor appliances are old and dim; Second, it shows that it is late at night, the fire and candlelight are weak, and the surrounding objects are eclipsed. Virtual writing is not necessarily the "colorless" of the object itself, but the subjective feeling of the person who writes the object and the reflection of her sad mood. Moreover, the "colorless" of the smoke cage and the jade pillow, as well as their symbolic significance, are written as human incarnations. At this point, the people in the poem have been vividly portrayed. Finally, with the phrase "lie down and listen to the Nangong to clear the leak", the reader finally saw a girl who listened to the uterine leak without sleep at the side of the smoke cage and jade pillow. At this time, looking back at the first three poems, I realized that the author was far from writing and gradually shrank back. Poetry goes from the outdoor well to the bead curtain between the doors, to the indoor smoke cage and the jade pillow on the bed. From far to near, the scene is changed step by step, and every sentence is moving, which finally leads the reader's attention to one point and focuses on the heroine. In this way, the appearance of the characters is both natural and effective.
In the last poem, the author only wrote in an objective narrative tone that the heroine was stained with thick ink in the background, and after the environment was painted, she lay down and listened to the palace leak, thus forcing out the characters. Its expression method is not to judge a case, not to spit it out, and not to spit it out. In this sentence, the focus of Lonely Sleepless Man is the missing sound, which attracts the reader's attention, and it is in the missing sound that the author reveals his grievances and expresses the theme with a dark pen. He used a word "Qing" before the leak and a word "Long" after the leak. This is a hint: because the people in the poem are sad, they will feel that their voices are missing and they are very sad; Because the people in the poem can't sleep because of sadness and hatred, they feel that the interval between missing sounds is particularly long. Bai Juyi's phrase "Sit in the smoke cage" in Gong Ci is an objective portrayal of the poet. In Li Yi's poem "Official Complaints", it is the poet's subjective feeling that "it is like adding seawater to a palace leak, and * * * drops for a night". At the same time, Wang Changling also specifically pointed out in this poem that the missing sound heard by the poet came from the Nangong, the emperor's residence. The word "Nangong" is the crowning touch of the poem. It points out the grievances of the people in the poem. The clever use of these hidden pens and the way of hiding grievances between the lines make this poem more profound, leaving endless meanings and overtones at the end.
This "Autumn Ci" is about autumn resentment, which imperial secretary has been complaining for many years. Of course there are autumn grievances in autumn, and there will be spring grievances in spring. Let's take a look at Wang Changling's "West Palace Spring Complaint":
Xigong night is quiet and fragrant, and I want to roll the bead curtain and hate it for a long time.
Obliquely holding the clouds and seeing the moon, the hazy trees are hidden in the sun.
Taking a beautiful night with a full moon as the background, as Wang Anshi said in the poem "Night Straight", this paper describes a series of actions and attitudes of a person with the same fate as the protagonist in "Autumn Poetry", which makes readers feel as if they are in the scene and get a glimpse of her tortuous and complicated inner activities.
The first sentence of the poem, "the night in the West Palace is quiet and fragrant", points out the season and time, and brings the reader into a spring night full of flowers. Technically, this sentence is to reflect the lonely and desolate situation of the girl in this poem; As far as the content is concerned, it is closely linked with the following, which leads to contradictory emotions and infinite hatred for the people in the poem. The author's ideas and words are extremely meticulous. In the sentence, don't write the color of flowers, only the fragrance of flowers, because generally speaking, under the cover of night, it is not the color but the fragrance that intoxicates people. What's more, from the following poem, the poet is in a room where the bead curtain is not rolled, and only the wind can cause her spring resentment.
Supposedly, in the season of blooming flowers, on such a charming night, as an active girl who loves beauty, she should go to the yard to watch it since she didn't go to bed, but why have she kept herself indoors? This may be because she didn't know the outdoor scenery was so beautiful, and it is more likely that she deliberately avoided it. I am afraid that the annoying spring scenery will remind her of her worries, but it is better to be out of sight, out of mind. However, it happened that the fragrance of flowers floated in through the curtains, which made her have to see it. The second sentence in the poem "I want to roll a bead curtain and hate Changchun" is exactly what I wrote about her inner activities after she moved her mind. At this time, she didn't want to go out, just rolled up the bead curtain and watched from a distance. On the occasion of "wanting to roll up", it seems that even if the curtain is rolled up, it is not in the mood to watch it. The spring scenery outside the curtain only adds to people's sadness.
But on such a beautiful night, the beautiful scenery is in front of you. Sitting indoors, you will feel that time is hard to pass. The third sentence in the poem, "holding the clouds horizontally and looking at the moon deeply", is the behavior and modality of the people in the poem when they are bored. At this time, she picked up the musical instrument and wanted to pass the time with music to dispel her sorrow and hatred; However, if you want to play with it, you don't really play with it, just hold it on your chest and stare at the night sky alone. This description of "holding the clouds obliquely", as Tan said in "The Return of Tang Poetry", "the realm is the most flattering and the emotion is the most bitter". Cui's Gu Yi, "The curtain can't bear to see the autumn moon", and Li Bai's "Jade Family", "Why are you still waiting behind her closed window, looking at the autumn moon glow through its crystal pane?" Bai Juyi's "Shang Yang White-haired Man" only looks at the deep palace and the bright moon, and the object is round four or five hundred times. Although these poems are written in different ways, they all express the extremely subtle and painful feelings of the dissatisfied wives imprisoned in the deep palace.
What does she stare at and see under the moon? The last sentence of the poem, "The hazy trees are shaded by sunshine", is the scenery she saw. This sentence is not only a scene of knot feelings, but also a scene of watching feelings. What is particularly interesting in the sentence is that it points out the lucky Zhaoyang Palace of the emperor. This is the same as the sentence "Lie and listen to the Nangong to clear the leak" at the end of the poem "Long Xin Qiu" in front of me. It implies that the people in the poem are staring at the place where the emperor is, which is where she produces and sustains her resentment. However, there are many doors between the West Palace and the Zhaoyang Hall, and in the darkness, people in the poem can only see the dim shadows of trees. This is written step by step. When writing poems, people want to pour out their grievances to Zhaoyang Palace, but this Zhaoyang Palace can't be seen at all, which doubly illustrates the sadness of her situation.
Wang Fuzhi praised Wang Changling's "West Palace Spring Complaint" as a "conceited wind trace in elegance" in "Sunset Red Eternal Day". Hu Yinglin said in "Internal Poetry Collection": "Jiangning's Chang Xin Ci and Xigong Qu ... are both excellent, gentle, with endless significance, strong personality and implicit appearance." Wang Shizhen thought in "Last Words of One Yuan": "Seven-character quatrains, wavelet and Taibai narrowly win, are all gods." Of course, Wang Changling's palace resentment poems are also generally written, even his "Five Poems of Long Letter and Autumn" is not a good capital; As for all his poems, it can't be said that they are all works of God. However, one of his poems, "West Palace's Spring Complaint" and "Five Poems of Long Letter and Autumn" should be regarded as the best choice among a large number of palace resentment poems written in quatrains in the Tang Dynasty. It is well-deserved to call it a "miracle".