African Cave Art
African Cave Art is a relic of the art of primitive African societies in the Neolithic Age. Archaeological discoveries in the 20th century: A large number of cattle, giraffes, hippos, elephants, dromedary camels and other animals carved by primitive hunters were found in the Atlas Mountains, Sahara Desert and Libya in North Africa, as well as depictions of human daily life and dance , hunting, war and custom paintings holding primitive teaching ceremonies, etc. The works from the Fezzan region of Libya are the most prominent. Its artistic style is similar to the Neolithic Spanish Levent frescoes. Among the discoveries in Central and South Africa, the Bushmen murals in Rhodesia are the most famous. The descendants of the Bushmen never stopped creating murals until they were persecuted by colonists in the 19th century.
2: Eskimo Art
Eskimos use bones, teeth, wood and stone to carve daily utensils and superstitious tools under the cold and difficult Arctic living conditions. The art is called Eskimo art. Most of the Eskimos living north of Norton Sound, Alaska, are good at carving art. They carve small silhouette-style drawings of Arctic life on the turning rod of the bow drill (made of walrus ivory), and use the black oil from the seal oil lamp to Painted black, very sophisticated and endearing. In the mid-19th century, due to the influence of modern capitalism, their artworks gradually became commodities.
3: Byzantine Art
From the fourth to the fifteenth century, the Byzantine Empire (i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire) centered on Constantinople (i.e. the ancient Greek city of Byzantium) and The official art of the Christian Church combined. Its ideological content is to worship the emperor and promote Christian theology in order to consolidate the rule of the aristocratic class. Its style is characterized by the combination of late Roman art forms and oriental art forms centered on Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt, with a strong oriental color. For example, the central dome-shaped structure of the Hagia Sophia and its interior splendid decoration reflect the authority of the spiritual rule of the unity of politics and religion. He has made great achievements in the establishment and utilization of the Christian iconology system and the transformation of old forms to serve Christian propaganda. He has made great achievements in the creation of styles in church architecture, icon paintings, mosaics, murals, miniature paintings and arts and crafts. Due to the bondage of the church. The later style tends to be formulaic and conceptual. It had a huge influence on the art of medieval European countries, especially the Orthodox countries. After the Islamic Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, the history of Byzantine art came to an end, but its forms were still used by the Orthodox Church.
4: Gothic art
A new type of architecture-based art that appeared in Europe from the 12th to the early 16th century, including sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. This architectural style is contrary to the church style of Romanesque heavy and dark semicircular arches, and widely uses pointed arches with light lines, tall and elegant spires, light and transparent flying buttresses, and slender columns or clusters of columns. , and stained glass inlaid flower windows, creating an illusion of ascending and heavenly mystery. It reflects the prevailing Christian concepts of the times and the material and cultural aspects of medieval urban development. Representative works include Notre Dame de Paris in France, Cologne Church in Germany, Lincoln Church in the UK, and Milan Church in Italy.
5: Florence School
An important painting school formed in Florence, the economic and cultural center of the Italian Renaissance. This school is led by the humanistic ideas of the rising bourgeoisie period. It uses scientific methods to explore the modeling rules of the human body, absorbs the sculpture techniques of ancient Greece and Rome and applies them to paintings, and changes the medieval flat decoration style to concentrated perspective, with light and shade. The effect is to express the painting method of three-dimensional space. Among the main themes of religious mythology, the abstract gods were painted into secularized ideal people in line with the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie, successfully creating a new style of figure painting. In addition to oil paintings, large-scale warm murals were created at that time, mainly serving the court, church and the upper class of the bourgeoisie, thus changing the face of European medieval painting. In the early period, the representative painters included Giotto, Massaccio, Uccello (1394-1475), etc. In the heyday, he was represented by painters such as Vinci and Michelangelo Raphael. It was most prosperous from the 15th century to the 16th century; at the end of the 16th century, due to Florence's loss of political independence, economic decline, and the blind worship of its predecessors by painters, it gradually moved towards Mannerism.
6: Venetian School
One of the main painting schools of the Italian Renaissance. The Republic of Venice was the trade center between Europe and the East in the fourteenth century, with concentrated commercial capital and a strong country. The art is influenced by Byzantium and Northern Europe. The fifteenth century absorbed the experience of the Florentine School and Mantana, through the Bellini family, Carpaccio (about 1465-about 1526), ??Antonello da Messina, About 1430-1479) and others, with the use of the government and the church, especially the support of social groups---scula, the art of painting has developed. In the sixteenth century, the Venetian School became the center of European oil painting creation. This painting school reflects the ideas of humanism and patriotism. Its paintings have bright colors, rich images and novel compositions, but most of them use religious and mythological themes to depict the luxurious life of the ruling class.
Representative painters include Giorgio, Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese. Until the eighteenth century, there were still painters such as Tiepolo, Canaletto (1697-1768) and Guardi (1712-1793). The works of this school had a great influence on European painting.
7: Romantic School
An art school that emerged in the French painting world during the bourgeois democratic revolution in the early 19th century. This school of painting got rid of the fetters of academicism and classicism at that time, and focused on using the artist's own imagination and creation. The creative themes were taken from real life, medieval legends and literary masterpieces (such as the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Goethe, and Byron). ), etc., there is certain progress. Representative works include "The Raft of the Medusa" by Ricoeur and "Liberty Leading the People" by Delacroix. The painting has warm colors, unrestrained brushstrokes and a sense of movement.
8: Impressionism
A painting school that emerged in France in the second half of the 19th century. This name came from the fact that when the authors of this school held an art exhibition in 1874, critics ridiculed Monet's "Impression of Sunrise". This school opposed the conservative ideas and expression techniques of the academic school at that time, and adopted a creative method of directly depicting scenes under outdoor sunlight, pursuing the overall sense and atmosphere of the object in the changes in light and color, and advocated the creation method of red, orange, yellow, green and green based on the solar spectrum. The seven hues of blue and purple reflect the instant impression of nature, which is contrary to the religious mythology and other themes of the past and the gray-brown tones of Chen Chen Xiangyin. It gave European paintings a new way to use the principle of light and color to enhance expressive power, and revolutionized painting techniques. Have a great impact. Representative painters include Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, etc.
9: Post-Impressionism
Broadly refers to the different schools that inherited the Impressionism and made changes. In a narrow sense, it refers to the creative methods of Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin and others. They accepted the Impressionist color method and innovated it. They were not satisfied with Impressionism's objective depiction of nature, but emphasized the re-creation of subjective feelings. They generally did not express light, but focused on the contrast relationship, volume and decoration of colors. It had a great influence on the later Fauvism and Expressionism.
10: New Impressionism
A school developed from French Impressionism at the end of the 19th century. He believed that the Impressionist School's method of expressing light and color effects was not strict enough. It claimed to pursue color analysis with scientific methods, and used different arrangement and combination of color points to create paintings, which was a mechanical painting method. This faction's activity is short-lived. Representative authors include Seurat, Signac, Henri-Edmond Cross (1856-1910), etc.