literary common sense about Qiu Si in Tianjingsha 1. literary common sense and writing background of Tianjingsha and Qiu Si,
Jingsha Qiu Si (the first) [Yuan] Ma Zhiyuan withered vine old tree faint crow, small bridge flowing water family, ancient road west wind thin horse. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
This is Ma Zhiyuan's famous ditty, and 28 words outline a picture of a lonely place. This song is composed of heartbroken people touching the scene. The author's lyrical motivation can be seen from the title.
Ma Zhiyuan, together with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, is also known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". He was a famous dramatist and Sanqu writer in the Yuan Dynasty.
This poem is full of emotion and vividly shows the sorrow of a long-term exile in a foreign land. This poem is unique in syntax. The first three lines are all composed of noun phrases, and one * * * lists nine kinds of scenery, which is concise and meaningful. The word "heartbroken" is poetic. Expressed a wandering wanderer who missed his hometown in autumn and was tired of wandering. This poem sends feelings to things, and vividly depicts the feelings of sadness and sorrow through the vivid images of many natural scenery and the strong colors of late autumn.
2. Learning Notes on Seeking Clear Sand, Autumn and Qiu Si, 1. Literary Common Sense (selected by the author) 2. Love
Clear Sand, Autumn
Bai Pu
The sunset in the lonely village
The light smoke and the old tree Western jackdaw
A little flying in the shadow
Green mountains and green waters
. [Song Dynasty] Shen Heqiu's poem "The Mountain House of Shibi Temple is the Thing": "Draw a bridge and hang down the willow, reflecting the sunset glow with a touch of red."
② light smoke: light smoke. Western jackdaw: A crow in winter; A crow frozen. [Song] Qin Guan [full of
Tingfang] words: "Outside the setting sun, there are ten thousand points in Western jackdaw, and flowing water flows around the lonely village."
③ Feihong: a flying swan goose. (Southern Dynasties Song Dynasty) Bao Zhao's "Poems on Numbers": "Four acres of Yao long road, light
cover if Feihong."
④ white grass: this grass. The middle of the song is the name of grass. [Tang] Yuan Zhen's poem "Ji Huai presents Li Liuhu Cao" reads: "White thatched cottage has short eaves and Huang Meiyu is steaming." Yellow flower: Also called "yellow flower". Poetry either refers to yellow flowers or
refers to cauliflower and golden leaf vegetables. Middle finger chrysanthemum.
Translation:
Looking at the red glow in the sky, a village is lonely in the sunset.
Under the light smoke, only a few crows are frozen.
I think of the swan goose flying in the daytime.
Flying, flying among the green mountains, green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers
Appreciation 1:
Bai Pu's song is written with autumn scenery as the theme, and we can see from its rhetoric that his literary self-restraint is extremely high. The whole work consists of some beautiful natural scenes, and Bai Pu himself, like an artist with these natural puzzles, has put together a beautiful picture of life with harmony.
When writing about autumn scenery, it is inevitable to set off a bleak atmosphere, but if the bleak atmosphere is the main purpose of the whole article, it will make readers feel bored and stressed. In order to avoid this situation, Bai Pu took great pains in choosing words. In the first two sentences, "The sunset in an isolated village, the old tree in Western jackdaw", * * uses six pictures: "The isolated village", "Sunset", "Sunset", "Light smoke", "Old tree" and "Western jackdaw", and any one of them represents the bleak atmosphere in autumn scenery in autumn. In order to liven up this bleak atmosphere, the author then chose "a little flying under the shadow" as the conclusion of the first half. As a result, the original bleak picture turned to be active, and the lonely autumn scenery seemed to show another kind of fresh life. Finally, in order to strengthen the author's image that autumn scenery is beautiful and charming, he used "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers". "As the conclusion of Quwen. These two sentences use five colors: green, green, white, red and yellow, and the three colors of white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers are mixed in the two colors of green mountains and green waters. "Green mountains and green waters" is a vast picture, "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" is a subtle picture, so mixed and wrong, so autumn scenery, which was originally lonely and bleak, suddenly became colorful and colorful. Thus, Bai Pu's prose writing skills are brilliant.
Appreciation 2:
Although it is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, it has its own characteristics. The first two sentences are led by "lonely village", which deliberately renders the cold silence of autumn dusk. "A little feihong" brings vitality to the cold static picture, which causes the transfer of the feeling of expressing the tune. Then the poet described the beautiful autumn scene in a three-dimensional way with five colors: blue, green, white, red and yellow, from far and near, from high to low, at multiple levels and from many sides, which made the whole picture full of poetry. This song is full of artistic tension, writing both sides at once, successfully combining the bleak scenery of autumn with the bright and gorgeous scenery, and taking the pleasing autumn scenery as the main theme of the song, which is yet another masterpiece of writing autumn.
3. The more introductions about the content, background and related literary knowledge of Tianjingsha Qiuqiu, the better.
Tianjingsha Qiuqiu
Yuan Bai Pu
The sunset in the lonely village, the light smoke and the old tree Western jackdaw, a little flying under the shadow.
green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
note
① Tianjingsha: the name of the tune.
② Sunset: sunset glow.
③ Western jackdaw: a crow returning to the forest in cold weather.
④ Under the shadow of Fei Hong: the shadow of wild geese passes by. Feihong: The swan goose in the sky.
Translation
The sun is gradually setting in the west, and the sunset glow on the horizon is gradually dissipating, leaving only a few dim colors, reflecting how lonely and lonely the quiet village in the distance is, dragging out that long shadow. Smoke wafted faintly, and several crows with black bodies perched on the rickety old tree, and from time to time they made a few sad crows. Under the backdrop of the sunset glow, the whole body of feathers sparkled. Suddenly, a wild goose in the distance flew down and crossed the sky. Looking from a distance along it, the scenery is beautiful; Looking closer, frosty grass, flaming maple leaves and golden chrysanthemums are swaying together in the wind, and the colors are almost enchanting.
Appreciation
Bai Pu's poem Tianjingsha Autumn is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si in terms of writing and artistic conception. Although the title of this song is "autumn" and it is written in autumn, it is impossible to find a word "autumn". At the beginning of this song, a picture of autumn dusk is drawn to create a quiet and lonely atmosphere. Then, in the form of noun juxtaposition, typical autumn scenery is selected to depict a colorful Qiu Jingtu from far to near. At this point, autumn scenery in front of readers has changed from bleak and lonely to clear and beautiful. This song is only twenty-eight characters, but the language is concise and beautiful, with profound significance. This song expresses the author's positive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life, which is really the so-called "not to be happy with things, not to be sad for oneself" (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower).
Bai Pu's song is written with autumn scenery as the theme, and readers can see from its rhetoric that his literary cultivation is extremely high. The whole work consists of some beautiful natural scenes, and Bai Pu himself, like an artist with these natural puzzles, has put together a beautiful picture of life with harmony.
When writing about autumn scenery, it is inevitable to set off a bleak atmosphere, but if the bleak atmosphere is the main purpose of the whole article, it will make readers feel dull and stressed. In order to avoid this situation, Bai Pu took great pains in choosing words. In the first two sentences, "The sunset in an isolated village, the light smoke and the old tree Western jackdaw", * * uses six pictures: "The isolated village", "Sunset", "Sunset", "Light smoke", "the old tree" and "Western jackdaw", and any one of them represents the bleak atmosphere of autumn scenery in autumn. In order to make this bleak atmosphere lively, the author then chose "a little flying under the shadow" as the conclusion of the first half. As a result, the original bleak picture turned to be active, and the lonely autumn scenery seemed to show another kind of fresh life. Finally, in order to strengthen the image that autumn scenery is beautiful and charming in the author's mind, "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" is the conclusion of the song. These two sentences use five colors: green, green, white, red and yellow, and the three colors of white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers are mixed in the two colors of green mountains and green waters. "Green mountains and green waters" is a vast picture, "white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" is a subtle picture, so mixed and wrong, so autumn scenery, which was originally lonely and bleak, suddenly became colorful and colorful. Thus, Bai Pu's prose writing skills are brilliant.
The Qiu Jingtu depicted in this song consists of two parts: the front part is a dim, bleak and deserted late-life autumn scenery, while the back part is colorful, bright and full of vitality. The front and back pictures are also autumn scenes, which form a strong contrast. If we contact Bai Pu's reluctance to be an official in the Yuan Dynasty, it is not difficult for readers to understand why the same autumn scenery has such a huge contrast. The "a little feihong" in the picture is one of Li Bai's "Send Pei Eighteen Pictures to Songshan Mountain in the South": "Raise your hand and point to Feihong, which is hard to talk about. "Feihong" in "There is no sooner or later, Yingshui has a clear source" has the same effect, all of which are metaphors of the author himself. Bai Pu didn't want to get a job in the imperial court, but he hoped that he would fly away from that bleak, cold and lifeless place like a swan flying high, and find a happy land where he was satisfied and full of vitality. Therefore, the land of "green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" under the shadow can be understood by readers as the author's seclusion place and the scene in his heart. The mood is cheerful and peaceful, and there is no negative feeling, which shows the author's love for seclusion, and should belong to imaginary writing. In this piece of music, the author put the "scene in my heart" together with the real environment at that time very cleverly and without showing traces, which produced a strong contrast effect and implicitly revealed his love and hate.
Although this song is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si, it has its own characteristics. The first two sentences are led by "lonely village", which deliberately renders the cold silence of autumn dusk. "A little feihong" brings vitality to the cold static picture, which causes the transfer of the feeling of expressing the tune. Then people use the five colors of green, green, white, red and yellow to depict the beautiful scene of autumn in a three-dimensional way from far to near, from high to low, at multiple levels and from multiple sides, which makes the whole picture full of poetry. This song is full of artistic tension, writing both sides at once, successfully combining the bleak scenery of autumn with the bright and gorgeous scenery, and taking the pleasing autumn scenery as the main theme of the song, which is yet another masterpiece of writing autumn.
Ci and Qu are elegant and vulgar. Generally speaking, Ci is charming and subtle, while Qu is sharp, new and straightforward. Bai Pu's poem reads with artistic conception of words. Although there is no such sentence as "heartbroken people are at the end of the world" in the song, the lyric hero is hidden from time to time, and in the hazy haze, it conveys a kind of loneliness and faint sadness.
4. Tianjingsha Qiu Si
expresses feelings with scenery, and contains feelings in the scenery, which constitutes a sad and miserable artistic conception in the blending of scenery and feelings.
China's classical poems pay great attention to the creation of artistic conception. Artistic conception is an important category in the aesthetics of China's classical poetry, and its essential feature lies in the blending of scene and scene and the unity of mind and matter. Whether emotion and scenery can be combined well becomes the key to the formation of artistic conception. The first four sentences of Ma Zhiyuan's poem are all about scenery, and these scenery words are all sentimental words. The words "withered", "old", "faint" and "thin" make the rich autumn colors contain infinite sad and miserable emotional appeal. And the last sentence, "heartbroken people are in Tianya", as a curved eye, is even more wonderful, making the scenery described in the first four sentences an environment for people's activities and a trigger for the sad feelings of heartbroken people in Tianya. The scenery on the song is not only what Ma Zhiyuan saw during his journey, but also what he saw in his eyes. But at the same time, it is its emotional carrier, and it is a heart thing. There are feelings in the whole song, and there are scenes in the feelings, which constitute a touching artistic realm.
I hope these are helpful.
5. The literary knowledge of Yuanqu
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Yuanqu.
Generally speaking, zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuanqu, which is the main body of literature in Yuan Dynasty. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceed that of Sanqu, so some people refer to Zaju as "Yuan Qu", which is also called "Yuan Opera".
Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation. It embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements, and it has become three important milestones in the history of Chinese literature. Yuanqu originally came from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Hu Le", and it was first circulated among the people, and it was called "Street Melody" or "Village Square Minor".
With the destruction of the Yuan Dynasty and the entry of the Song Dynasty into the Central Plains, it has spread in the vast areas of north and south, with Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) as the center. Yuanqu has a strict metrical formula, and each qupai has a fixed format requirement in terms of sentence pattern, number of words, level tone, etc.
Although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid. Interlacing characters are allowed in the fixed frame, and sentences can be added to some qupai. In rhyme, it is allowed to be flat and parallel, which is more flexible than quatrains in regular poems and Song Ci. Therefore, readers can find that the two songs of the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (in the same Qupai, the one with the least words is the standard frame).
Yuan Qu, which has become a literary prosperity after Tang Poetry and Song Poetry, has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuan Qu inherits the beauty and tactfulness of poetry; On the one hand, the society of the Yuan Dynasty placed the scholars in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine scholars and ten beggars", with political monopoly and social darkness, which made the Yuan Song radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious emotions; Sharp-edged pointed at the shortcomings of society, denounced the society that "no reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who don't know things are boastful", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is too embarrassed to live, and no one can see money." The works describing love in Yuanqu are also more provocative and bold than the poems of previous dynasties.
All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever. The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of Chinese national poetry and the prosperity of culture. As soon as it appeared, Yuanqu, like other art flowers, immediately showed great vitality. It was not only a handy tool for literati to express their aspirations, but also provided a brand-new art form for reflecting the social life of the Yuan Dynasty.
[1] The rise of Yuanqu, the composition of Yuanqu, includes two types of styles: first, Sanqu, which includes a poem, a song with a band and a number of sets; Second, the Quwen, which is composed of several sets, is a zaju specially performed on the stage, mixed with Binbai and Kefan. "Sanqu" is opposite to "Drama".
Dramas are scripts used for performances, in which the lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles are written. Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of a cantata. Formally, Sanqu and Ci are very similar, but in language, Ci should be elegant and subtle, while Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are strict, while Sanqu is more free.
Sanqu can be divided into two types: "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few of them contain two or three tunes).
Santao is composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Diao Dao Ling, Blowing the Ground, Happy Spring, Mountain Slope Sheep, Hong Xiuxie and so on. These names are mostly vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than words.