Zhu's Biography of Poems said: "If you compare this thing with another thing." This is a major rhetorical device, which is still frequently used today, including metaphor and symbol. Metaphor can visualize descriptions. For example, Feng Weishuoren used a series of metaphors to describe the beauty of Zhuang Jiang: "Soft hands, firm skin, collar like salamander, teeth like rhinoceros, and a cicada's head like a moth's eyebrow. Smile and look forward to it. " Because there are a series of metaphors before and after, the last sentence can make its image leap from the page. [ 12]
Metaphor can also highlight the characteristics of things. Because metaphors are generally different, and on the one hand, compared with things of the same sex, the similarity between vehicle and ontology is often quite prominent. Therefore, in metaphor, it is often exaggerated. For example, in Shuo Shu, there are considerable differences between ontology and vehicle in terms of their morphology, biological category and development level; But in the two aspects of getting something for nothing and getting something for nothing, they are completely consistent, so this metaphor is actually an exaggerated performance.
Moreover, because vehicles have gained certain emotional significance in people's long-term social life and have certain symbolic significance to a certain extent, we can express different feelings according to the connection with different vehicles, such as Shuowen and Shangshu. Metaphors are used in many places in The Book of Songs, and they are also flexible and extensive. For example, "Feng Weimeng": "The mulberry has not fallen, and Ye Mao". As soon as the mulberry falls, it will fall yellow. The former is used to describe the form, while the latter is used to describe the change of feelings. [ 12]
Gao ··Xi: "Hold hands like a ball, and dance with both hands." Compared with the form;
"Tang-style pepper chat": "Pepper chat is real and prosperous. His son is huge. " Metaphor human beings have a variety of rich things;
Feng Wang Miller: "The center is drunk" and "The center is like a swallow". Use feeling as a metaphor for feeling;
Secondly, Xing is the beginning of poetry based on other things.
Zhu's Biography of Poems said: "If you are interested, say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." Xing is the fuse and the beginning. Include two situations:
1, emotion touches things and becomes a song (that is, starting with things that are in harmony with the performance content).
2. rhyme with sth.
Zhu explained the concepts of Fu, Bi and Xing very clearly, but he marked every chapter of The Book of Songs one by one, which showed the contradiction between what he said and his interpretation of The Book of Songs. For example, "Guanju": "Guanju dove is in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. " Zhu Biao: "Xingya." However, when he explained this chapter in detail, he said: "A pigeon, a Wang Ju, ... is born with a fixed couple who don't mess around and occasionally swim together without conflict, so" Biography of Mao "thinks loyalty is different, and" Biography of the Fierce Woman "thinks that people have never seen him ride a horse. Cover its nature. " When talking about the whole chapter, the cloud said: "If you say that you are close to a dove, you will sing in Hezhou." Isn't this my fair lady the beauty of a gentleman? It is different to say that harmony and happiness are respect and affection. "It has become a" than ". Another example is "Yao Tao": "Peach wants to die, burning its splendor, and its son returns, so it is better to stay at home." He also marked it as "starry night", but when explaining it, he said: "The ceremony of the week, the mid-spring brings men and women together, but the gorgeous peach is also the time for marriage. "It has become a" blessing "again.
In this way, the boundaries of Fu, Bi and Xing are confused again. A more appropriate division is that everything related to the scene description at that time should be attributed to Fu, such as Juan Er, Jia Jian and July; All metaphors and symbolic meanings should be compared, such as Guan Ju, Yao Tao, Gu Feng and Wu Yi. Only those things that can't be related to the original meaning of the poem are xing, such as yellow birds and picking flowers.
Xing includes the situation of "touching things and singing", which means that because people's life experiences are different, everyone's experiences will have various accidental situations. Some things are irrelevant to ordinary people, but for a specific person, they may evoke memories of old experiences and cause deep feelings.
Third, Fu.
The Biography of Poetry says: "The giver should tell the truth about Chen Qi."
The so-called "outspoken" here means that we don't use words to guide or compare, not that we don't want to describe it in detail. Therefore, it can be said that all other means of expression except Xing and Bi can be included in the category of "Fu". As a means of writing, it covers a wide range. As far as The Book of Songs is concerned, it includes narration, description, association, suspense, dialogue and psychological depiction. The whole poems of July and Sheng Min all adopt Fu method, and both the abandoned children narrative and the sacrificial scene description are very vivid. Except for the first chapter of Dongshan, which says that "flies fly in mulberry fields", both poems of Dongshan and Picking Wei use fu method. However, these two poems can be described as incisively and vividly: "I have been to Yangliuyiyi." Today I think of it, it's raining. "This is the best landscape poem. Therefore, the fu method of The Book of Songs not only refers to narration, but also refers to the so-called "straight things", and it has reached a high level in lyrical scenery writing.
Fu is often reflected in some simple narratives in The Book of Songs. For example, in A Quiet Girl, a woman made an appointment with her boyfriend to meet in the corner of the city at night. The young man arrived at the meeting place on time, but he didn't see the girl. If he doesn't come, he can't shout out, he can't find it himself, and he doesn't know what to do. After a while, the girl suddenly ran out of the darkness, which made the young man very happy. The little details hidden by the girl in the poem can be understood as a joke or a test of the young man's love, but in short, they are full of interest in life and show noble and pure love. The details of the gift tube are the same. Among them, unparalleled, tasteless, but very vivid.
In the Book of Songs, there are also people who express their feelings and narratives through dialogue. For example, "Zheng Yan" shows young men and women playing and joking at the water's edge when the water is hot and the flowers are blooming in March. There are no words and metaphors throughout, but a folk picture full of joy.
Fu also includes narration, association and suspense. For example, Guifeng Dongshan wrote in the third time that "there is bitter gourd in the chestnut salary", which led to "self-elimination, in this three years"; The fourth chapter also undertakes the "Bitter Melon" (the thing of marriage), connecting it with the wedding scene as a foil or contrast to the reality to be faced.
Missing may not exist, but the poet imagines it to express the poet's mood. For example, the second chapter of Dongshan is about what he imagined might happen at home, and the first half of the fourth chapter is about the assumption that his wife might miss herself at home. So did Nan Zhou Juan El and Feng Wei Su Yong.
In the Book of Songs, some poems that only use the fu method also create a far-reaching artistic conception. Li Shu, Shi Zhong Gentleman and Jia Jian all use fu method, without words or metaphors. The poems of later generations are lyrical, far-reaching and touching, which can hardly be compared with them. The poet's scenery is not specially described, but brought out from lyricism; Love is in the scenery.