1, Li Bai's life: ① Zhongshu period, ② wandering period centered on Anlu, ③ Chang 'an three-year period, ④ Chang 'an wandering period again, and ⑤ Anshi Rebellion period and his later years (see page 26 1 for details). There are many questions about Li Bai's life experience, which is also one of the hot spots in Li Bai's research.
2. Li Bai's thought: Confucianism, Taoism, chivalry and strategists are mixed, mainly Taoism.
3. Li Bai's personality: too idealistic life design, confident and open-minded spirit, wild and uninhibited personality, elegant and free-spirited temperament. This is the product of the peak of human awakening since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the product of the high sublimation of the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Section 2 Li Bai's Yuefu and Gexing
First, Li Bai's Yuefu:
The ancient Yuefu has been innovated in the hands of Li Bai, one is to write current events with ancient titles, the other is to express feelings with ancient titles. Li Bai put his own personality temperament into the creation of Yuefu songs, which has a rushing sense of movement. For example, in these works, the poet unfolds the chapter with subjective feelings and images as the axis, and his imagination leaps by leaps and bounds, and his brushwork opens and closes, sometimes downstream, and sometimes leaping in a long span, which seems that he can write at will. Formally, it is often manifested as uneven sentence levels and ups and downs of rhythm.
Second, Li Bai's songs:
Li Bai's songs mainly include Xiangyang Song, Fufeng Song, Xiyue Yuntai Song to Danqiuzi, Riverside Song, Yuhu Song, Liangyuan Song, Tianmu Mountain Climbing Dream and Lu Yushi Luxu Mountain Song. The value of Li Bai's songs lies in completely breaking all the inherent forms of poetry creation, being empty and helpless, with changeable brushwork, reaching the magical realm of unpredictable and random swaying. It fully embodies the spirit of the times in the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, full of vigor, spirit and emotion, and has the beauty of growing masculinity.
Section 3 Li Bai's quatrains
Li Bai's quatrains are flowing, with bright language, flowing elegance and hearty charm. In the embrace of nature and daily life, poets will naturally write more about their aesthetic feelings and emotional moments. Li Bai's quatrains are greatly influenced by Yuefu folk songs, and there is a beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, naturally carved". For example, Wang Lushan Waterfall, Wang Tianmen Mountain, Quiet Night Thinking, seeing off Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou, and hearing that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln on the left, Mount Emei Yuege, Jingting Mountain sitting alone, and making Baidi City as early as possible.
The fourth part is the artistic personality of Li Bai's poems.
1, with strong subjective color. The main performance is that "Qi is the mainstay, and nature is teaching" (Wang Shizhen's Yi Yan Yuan Yan) focuses on expressing lofty sentiments, and rarely describes objective images and specific events in detail. Once feelings are aroused, they gush out without restraint. Form a kind of ups and downs, poetic and picturesque.
2. Imagination is strange. The imagination of Li Bai's poems often has an unusual connection, which changes with the flow of emotion. There is a great leap between one imagination and the next, and the combination of images is also a long span. Weird dreams, vertical and horizontal changes, as agile as I can.
3. Images in Li Bai's poems. There are two kinds: magnificent and beautiful. The basic tone of Li Bai's poems is bright and bright.
Section 5 Li Bai's position and influence
Li Bai, the proud son of the times, shocked the poetry world as soon as he appeared; Poets such as Han Yu and Li Shangyin in the middle and late Tang Dynasty admired him very much. After the Song Dynasty, all poets were called Du Li.
Li Bai's influence on later generations is first of all the personality strength and charm shown in his poems. In the ancient feudal social and cultural tradition of China where individual personality consciousness was suppressed by orthodoxy, Li Bai's unrestrained and naive personality style undoubtedly has great charm. The bold and elegant style, unpredictable imagination and the beauty of clear water lotus of his poems have great appeal to later poets. In the history of China's poetry, Li Bai has an irreplaceable immortal position.
Chapter V Du Fu
This chapter focuses on mastering the achievements and artistic features of Du Fu's poetry creation, and understanding his position in the history of China literature. About Du Fu's life, we should understand the changes that the An Shi Rebellion brought to the poet's creation. For the ideological content of Du Fu's poems, it is required to understand Du Fu's feelings of worrying about the country and the people through the analysis of his works, so as to understand the depth and breadth of Du Fu's works reflecting reality. For the artistic features of Du Fu's poems, we should focus on the characteristics of "depression and frustration" and Du Fu's unique achievements in the development of rhythmic poems.
Section 1 Du Fu's Secret Life Creation
First, the life of Du Fu
(1) study hard (before the age of 35); ② Ten years in Chang 'an (35-44 years old); ③ Being arrested as an official (44-48 years old); ④ Wandering southwest (48-59 years old)
3. Du Fu's thoughts
The family background of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials" was influenced by Confucianism since childhood, which formed his thoughts of loyalty to the monarch, patriotism and love for the people all his life.
Second, Du Fu's poetry creation
1, the historical nature of Du Fu's poems. The Anshi Rebellion brought great disasters and changes to poetry creation. The theme of war-torn life naturally enters poetry creation. It was Du Fu who first and most comprehensively reflected the great damage and catastrophe caused by this war. Du Fu recorded many important events in this war with his poems, wrote down the sufferings of the people in this war, and showed the broad picture of the whole social life in the war with profound and vivid images. His poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations. Du Fu's poems not only provide historical facts, but also provide a broader, more concrete and more vivid picture of life than facts. He unfolded the inner world of people in the war one by one, which moved people for thousands of years.
2. The main contents of Du Fu's poems:
1. Poems about patriotism and love for the people: Spring Hope, Three Officials, Three Farewells, The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army, etc.
2. Lyrics: "From Beijing to Fengxian, sing 500 words", "The hut was broken by the autumn wind" and so on.
③ Landscape poems: Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Looking for Flowers Alone by the Riverside, Four-character Poems, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, Climbing Yueyang Tower, etc.
Homesick poems: Moonlit Night, Moonlit Night Remembering Brothers, Dreaming of Li Bai, Missing, etc.
⑤ Nostalgia poems: book fragrance, piano platform, eight-array map, nostalgia tablet, etc.
⑥ Paintings: Painting Eagle, Wang Zai's Painting Landscape Songs, Dan Qing's Painting to General Cao Ba, and six plays like poems.
The rhyme of Du Fu in the second quarter
Rhythm plays an extremely important role in Du Fu's poems, which is the achievement of Du Fu's regular poems. (1) First of all, it broadens the expression range and technique of metrical poetry. He not only writes about entertainment, nostalgia, travel, feasts and landscapes with Chang Song poems, but also writes about current events with Chang Song poems. Although limited by the rhythm of words, Du Fu can use it freely. Write current events with regular poems, such as Autumn Flute, That's the way it is, Wang Ming and Fu Zheng.
(2) In order to expand the expressive force of metrical poems, the form of metrical poems is often adopted. His masterpiece of Five Laws is Twenty Poems of Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems, and his masterpiece of Seven Laws is Five Poems of Historic Sites and Eight Poems of Autumn. In particular, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity can be said to be a masterpiece of Du Fu's regular poems.
(3) Harmonious realm and superb skills Du Fu's rhyming poems in his later years were written freely, trying to change things as much as possible to achieve perfection. And you can't see the shackles of the law, but you can't see the traces of confrontation. An awkward style written to express the need of a certain emotion is also a common change after maturity.
The third section is the artistic style of Du Fu's poems.
(1) The main style of Du Fu's poems is melancholy and depression. Depression is the sadness, growth and profundity of feelings; Drug withdrawal is the ups and downs of emotional expression and repeated low returns. Its emotional tone is sadness. For example, "From Beijing to Fengxian, sing 500 words", the whole article begins with chanting, and every four sentences turn, and it is turned out layer by layer: first, tell the original story, then write the official, which is unsuccessful, obscure, unsuccessful, and full of twists and turns. This is called "depression". What I saw and heard from Beijing to Fengxian Road made me an enemy of the country and the people. This is the most worrying point. The narrative is full of discussion and strong emotions. At the end of the narrative to the family, I am still worried about Li Yuan's heart, that is, I cherish my original intention. The whole poem is mainly about discussion, mixed with narrative, and the discussion is unique and continues. The complicated social reality and complicated thoughts and feelings are vividly and clearly written. Although the length is long, it is quite compact, the language is concise and generalized, and the style is gloomy.
(2) The styles of Du Fu's poems are diversified. Du Fu's poems have other styles besides depression and frustration, as Hu Zhenheng said: "Exquisite and meticulous, ingenious and innovative, risky and shallow, and inexhaustible" (Volume 6 of Tang Yin Gui Qian), which is a sign of the artistic maturity of great writers. Among the diverse styles of Du Fu's poems, the nature of Xiaosan is another important feature. For example, his "Looking for Flowers Alone by the River", "Two Hearts by the Water Threshold", "Nine Poems Wandering" and so on.
(3) The formation of different styles of Du Fu's poems seems to be related to Du Fu's different situations in different periods or different moods in the same period. When his life is bumpy, wandering, or in the midst of war, his thoughts of home and country and life consciousness naturally gush out, and his elegy is generous. At this time, his poems are often characterized by melancholy and depression. When his life is a little stable, he writes some poems that are scattered naturally.
Part four: The position and influence of Du Fu's poems.
Du Fu's poems are masterpieces of the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu epitomizes some of the most important qualities in China's cultural tradition, that is, he cares about people and things, the country and the people. As far as poetry tradition is concerned, the narration and exposition of Du Fu's poems are influenced by The Book of Songs. The generous style of his elegy was influenced by Li Sao. Originated from something and influenced by Han Yuefu. His strong expressive force and delicate feelings are influenced by Jian 'an's poems. He absorbed the methods, forms, languages and images of poetry more widely and diversely.
Judging from the development of Tang poetry, it is a great change from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty, and Du Fu is a great poet who connects this change. Du Fu had a great influence on later generations in his thoughts, feelings, personality and artistic experience. This influence lasted for thousands of years.