Metonymy is a kind of metaphor, which directly replaces metaphor with metaphor, and metaphor and metaphor words do not appear;
Metonymy also means not directly saying the name of the thing to be said, but replacing it with another name related to it.
There are great similarities between the two. To distinguish them, we mainly grasp the similarity or relevance: if the original thing is similar to the thing that replaces it, it is metaphor; Relevance is metonymy
The simplest way to distinguish between metonymy and metonymy is that metonymy can be reduced to simile, but metonymy cannot. Metonymy is a metaphor that omits ontological words and figurative words. We can find the noumenon according to the specific context, and add the word "image" to restore metonymy to the form of simile.
Rhetoric in writing;
1. Metaphor:
Metaphor consists of three parts:
1, ontology
2. Vehicles
3. Metaphorical vocabulary
The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles, while personification does not. )
Function: Make the expressed content vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, make an analogy to help people understand them deeply.
Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor and metonymy;
Examples of metaphor words in category feature ontology
The little girl looks like a flower.
Metaphorically, A is B, which is a thick green landscape, and it is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters.
For example, countless arrows were shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fell on the roof.
Ex.: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. -Lao She's Winter in Jinan
2. Analogy:
With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things.
Function: It can stimulate readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.
Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.
(1) personification:
Write things as people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.
Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid.
Example:
1. Peach, apricot and pear trees are all in full bloom. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. -"The Hope of Spring" Du Fu
The sun blushed. -"Spring" Zhu Ziqing
(2) simulacra:
(1) Compare people to crops, or write this thing into another thing.
Example:
1. The crowd rushed up in despair.
Amid the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
② Write things A as things B. ..
Example:
1. The volcano erupted.
Moonlight, like running water, pours quietly on this leaf and flower. -"Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" Zhu Ziqing
3. exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature, characteristics, etc of things.
Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects.
(1) exaggeration: exaggerating the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
Example: The asphalt road is sunburned, even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be sunburned.
(2) reduce exaggeration: reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.
You can only see a world the size of a palm.
(3) Exaggeration in advance: what appears after saying appears first, and what appears first appears after saying.
She was drunk before she served her glass.
4. Parallelism:
Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same.
Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).
Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5. Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music.
Main methods:
1, exactly. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning.
For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
2. Objection. The dual form of the opposite or relative meaning of the upper and lower sentences.
For example, look at a thousand fingers coldly and bow your head as a willing ox.
3. Series pair (running pair). The meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, progressiveness, causality, hypothesis and conditionality.
For example, I only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
6. Repeatedly:
To emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling, deliberately repeat a word or sentence.
1. keeps repeating (there are no other words in the middle).
Example: The valley echoed, he just left, he just left.
2. The interval of repetition (there are other words in the middle).
For example, it seems that there are no three provinces, and the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one would make a sound, but the party and the country are more and more like a country.
Function: mainly used in poetry, it plays the role of reciting and expressing strong feelings repeatedly. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can also make the format of poetry orderly, ups and downs, and beautiful language.
7. ask questions:
In order to attract others' attention, ask questions first and then answer them yourself.
Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.
Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. rhetorical questions (provocation, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Express definite meaning in the form of questions, express negation in the form of affirmative questions, express affirmation in the form of negative questions, and only ask without answering. The answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.
Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words.
As for me, don't I have anything to blame?
9. Quote:
Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) The effects of improving language expression can be divided into two types: and.
Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness and inspiration, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant.
Explicit quotation (direct quotation).
For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. So disciples don't have to be like teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples.
Dark quotation (indirect quotation).
Example: Failure is the mother of success, so don't be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Don't directly say what you want to express, but borrow someone or something closely related to it instead.
Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part.
Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Attract people's association, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.
Method:
(1) part of the whole generation. That is to say, replace the noumenon with the representative part of things.
If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, the lonely sails come from the sun. -"Looking at Tianmen Mountain"
② Feature-generated ontology. In other words, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the characteristics and signs of the borrowing body (person or thing).
For example, the compass turned around angrily, spoke slowly and walked out ...-"Hometown"
③ Concrete generative abstraction
For example, the South China Morning Post has a history of ten years. -"meiling three chapters"
(4) Tool replaces ontology.
For example, by the time the soil is turned over, eight out of ten households have already set fire to the hoard and can't open the pot. -"Yu Qian Fan"
⑤ proper name generalization. Replace the name of ontology with a special name of a typical person or thing.
For example, if you kill a Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! -"The Last Speech"