Ci is a kind of ancient poetry in China, which can be sung with music. Words have long and short sentences, so they are also called long and short sentences.
In fact, the word was originally called song, song, song. Abbreviated as "Ci", it is also called Yuefu, Modern Yuefu, Music Movement and Qin Qu, and also called poems, songs and long and short sentences.
The origin of words
With the prosperity of social economy in the Tang Dynasty, people's lives were rich and colorful, and music became an indispensable way of entertainment in the life of the Tang people. Especially in Kaiyuan and Tianbao years, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was proficient in and loved music, and kept hundreds of orchestras in his palace, which was called "disciples of the Royal Liyuan", further promoting the popularization of music, singing and dancing in society. However, Yan music is fresh and lively, with various tunes and various musical instruments, so it is especially loved by people. These Yan music tunes include dance music and songs, and the lyrics of songs are the embryonic form of words, which were then called "tune words".
Therefore, there is not much difference between Yan Yue Ci in Tang Dynasty and Yuefu Ci in the past. However, in the course of its development, it has gradually formed a remarkable feature, that is, making lyrics in strict accordance with the requirements of music, including dividing lyrics according to the structure of the movement, treating music as a sentence and using words according to the sound of music. Its words form an irregular sentence and a fixed frame. This situation is not found in previous Yuefu songs. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, many writers used this method to create poems, and this new poetic style gradually became an important genre in China literature, which was later commonly called? The word quot ".
Epigraph knowledge
The epigraph is the name of the word format. The format of words is different from that of metrical poems: there are only four formats of metrical poems, but there are always more than 1000 formats of words (these formats are called music scores). People can't call them the first class, the second class and so on, so they are given some names. These names are epigrams. Sometimes, several formats share a epigraph because they are several variants of the same format; Sometimes, the same format has several names, just because the names are different.
About the origin of epigraph, there are about the following three situations:
1 Ben? B style='color: black; Background color: # ffff66'> Words of wisdom? Take? Beer @ What happened? Punishment? Is the stool afraid of hitting? What's the matter? Promise? Sheathed gulls meow? What happened? A niche? Hey? What is wrong with scaring the industry? Hey? Five benztans are like a strong umbrella! Duan Wei? Dragon two beans, one peptone umbrella and two beans? Pray for the return of dental caries? What's the matter with you? Hey? Br>⑵ (2) Choose a few words from a word as an inscription. For example, Memory of Jiangnan was originally named Looking at Jiangnan, also known as Xie Qiuniang, but because Bai Juyi has a poem praising "Jiangnan is good", the last sentence is "Can you forget Jiangnan", so the epigraph is also called Memory of Jiangnan. Niannujiao is also called no return to the river, because Su Shi has a poem Niannujiao, and the first sentence is "no return to the river". Because Su Shi's last three words are "the moon on the Yangtze River", it is also called "the moon on the Yangtze River".
(3) It is the topic of words. The lyrics of riding a horse are about dancing, the lyrics of riding a horse are about dancing on a horse, fishing songs are about fishing, sand waves are about sand waves, and the music of throwing balls is about throwing hydrangeas. This situation is the most common. Among them, the original intention is indicated below the epitaph, which means that the epitaph is also a topic and there is no other topic.
But most words don't use "original meaning", so there are word names besides epigrams. Generally, the topic is marked with smaller words under the inscription. In this case, the inscription has nothing to do with the inscription. A "Waves on the Beach" is not about waves or sand at all; A poem "Recalling Jiangnan" can also not talk about Jiangnan at all.
First, the tone of words.
Ci is the abbreviation of Quzi Ci, originally the lyrics of Quzi, which has its own music score. When writing a word, you must fill in the requirements of words, sentences, sounds and rhymes, and you must "set the tone of the sentence, the sentence and the words", and sometimes you have to distinguish the four tones, so it is called a word, also called "relying on the sound". The mood of words is closely related to the mood of palace style, so we must choose the appropriate mood of palace style according to the content to be expressed.
Gong Diao is composed of seven tones and twelve methods, namely, Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, Qi, Yu and Gong. Any one of them can form a pattern. The mode in which gong is the main tone and other tones are the main ones is called "tune", which is collectively called "gong tune". The pitch standard of musical sound is called "law", which is divided into six laws (yang law): Huangzhong, Taiqun, Guxian, Yanbao, Yize and Wuyi; Six Laws (Yin Laws): Da Law, Jia Zhong, Lv Zhong, Lin Zhong, Nan Law and Ying Zhong. Seven tones with twelve tones can get twelve, seventy-two and eighty-four tones, but in the Tang and Northern Song Dynasties, only four and twenty-eight tones were actually used. That is, the seven tones of Gongyin: Gong Zheng, Gaogong, Lv Zhong Palace, Daogong, Lu Nan Palace, Lv Xian Palace and Huangzhong Palace; Up-pitched seven tones: Dashi, Gaodashi, Shuangdiao, Xiaoshi, Oblique Branch, Upregulation and Yuediao; There are seven trumpet sounds: Dashijiao, Gaodashiao, Shuangjiao, Xiaoshijiao, Xiezhi, Shangjiao and Yuejiao; Seven Tones of Feather: General Tone, High Tone, Middle Tone, Positive Tone, High Tone, Lv Xian Tone and Feather Tone. In the Southern Song Dynasty, only seven houses and twelve tones were used, that is, the horn tone and seven tones were not used at all, and the upper and seventh tones of the feather tone removed the high notes.
Second, the epigraph
The name of the tune is epigraph. The epigraph represents the rhythm format of a word. However, there are also many epigrams with nicknames, such as Nian Nujiao, also known as River of No Return, Juanjiangyue, and Fu on the Red Wall. Some aphorisms have the same name but different tones, that is, different names. For example, there is another name for "recalling Jiangnan" and another name for "Xijiang Moon".
Third, the word spectrum
The earliest extant ci-poetry anthology is Ming Dynasty, and the relatively complete ci-poetry anthology includes Ci Rhyme by Qing Wanshu and Qin Ding Ci-poetry anthology compiled by Chen Yanjing and Wang Yiqing during the Kangxi period. clean
Shu Menglan compiled "White Elephant's Ci Poem" in four volumes, with a selection of 100 masterpieces, with a flat tone, which is suitable for beginners to write lyrics. Long Yusheng's poems in Tang and Song Dynasties are concise and practical, and Pan Shen's Ci Pu is by far the most complete one.
Fourthly, rhyme is found in Linz Zheng Yun.
Five, the word law
There are so-called words added, broken, deleted and stolen in the epigraph. Explain here. Adding or deleting words only refers to the increase or decrease of words. After adding words, the sentence pattern changes, and one sentence is broken into two sentences, which is called "promise to break" and steal the opposite.
The sentence pattern of the prefix is different from that of Shangcheng, which is called "head change" and "head change". Common examples are: recalling Qin moth, He Xinlang and so on.
The words in the three paragraphs are called triple words, and the sentence patterns in the first two paragraphs are exactly the same, which is shorter than the third paragraph. Commonly known as "double trailer" is "Ruilongyin". Non-double-drag words include warrior Lan Ling, nocturne and so on. However, the four-fold word has only two tones: Shengzhou Ling and Xu.
Words are usually prefixed, that is, at the beginning of a sentence, one word and two words (e.g. Mo, Huan You, coachable, etc. ) and three words (such as: the most unprovoked, more can disappear, but just wait. ), there is a pause in tone without interruption, and there is a semantic prefix. The most important word in the collar is bean (also called "tease" and "read"). Word beans are mostly function words, such as: positive, but, again, more, situation, harmony, square, should, even and so on. For example, but see Chen Fangqu (what is the Jade Case). Some are verbs: hope, inquiry, fear, expectation, thinking, watching, sighing, reading, etc. For example, ask Jiang Lu if he is a plum blossom (Cold Acacia by Cheng Gai).
Six, antithesis
There are no specific rules for the confrontation of words. Two consecutive sentences with the same number of words can constitute antithesis, and the sentence after the word bean can also be antithesis, such as: the commander of fast wine is handsome and the poetry circle is high (Xin Qiji). It is not limited to flatness, and the same word is not taboo.
Seven, rhyme style
On the whole, the rhyming form of words is irregular, and the rhyme has no fixed position. But there are strict rules on tone. The rhyme of the word is flat, the rhyme is up and down, and the rhyme is single. There is also the rhyme of flat tones and flat tones. Rhymes don't avoid the same words.