Literary works are generally classified by genre. Literary genre is a concrete form of literary works and a group.
One of the elements of literary works.
There are various literary genres. Due to the different standards of classification, the classification of literary genres is also different.
Different classes. In ancient China, some people once divided literary works into rhymes and rhymes according to whether sentences rhyme or not.
Prose falls into two categories. After the May 4th New Culture Movement, "three points" or "four points" were generally adopted.
Method "classification.
The so-called "trisection" is to divide literary works into different image-building methods.
Divided into three categories: narrative, lyric and drama. Narrative literature includes myths, epics, novels and narratives.
Poetry, reportage, biographical literature, etc. They have the same characteristics as telling stories and shaping characters.
Elephant. Lyric literature includes lyric poetry and lyric prose, which mainly expresses the author's feelings.
Features. Dramatic literature is a script for stage performance, which reflects the society through the dialogues and actions of the roles.
Life, shaping artistic image.
The so-called "four-division" is based on the literary works in image-building, institutional structure, language transport.
Literary works are divided into novels, poems, plays and essays according to different uses and expressions.
Big category. Among them, poetry includes lyric poetry and narrative poetry; Prose includes lyric prose and narrative prose.
Outside, a wide range, travel notes, essays, essays, reportage, etc. , all belong to this category; but
Fiction has become an independent category, which has received full attention. This is a popular saying in China's literary circles.
Classification used.
The oldest literary genre-poetry
Poetry is the oldest literary genre accompanied by labor. In Europe, as early as after A.D.
In the 9th century, there was a great poet in ancient Greece, Homer, whose Iliad and Odyssey.
It is the earliest outstanding epic in the history of European literature. In China, the first collection of poems, The Book of Songs.
Three hundred and five articles, roughly from the early years of the Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, are the glory of China literature.
This starting point has a profound influence on later literature.
Paying attention to the harmony of phonology, full of rich imagination and warm feelings are the most basic characteristics of poetry.
Sign. Emotion is the direct object and soul of poetry. Imagination is the wing of poetry, without thinking.
Like, the feelings of poetry can't be well expressed.
Poetry is different from novels and dramas, and it does not give a comprehensive, detailed and concrete description of life.
Instead, it is condensed and summarized only through one of the most characteristic life segments. Such as Bai Juyi's "Long"
Hate Song reflects the historical fact that Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty attached importance to the country. From Yang Guifei's court life.
Indulge in debauchery and write about the turbulent years of war; From the king's incomparable love to her death.
No place to die; Starting from the emperor's lofty authority, I wrote that Tang Xuanzong could not save Yang Guifei, which was very complicated.
Content, "Song of Eternal Sorrow" is highly summarized in only a little space.
The language of poetry is more refined than other styles, and even every word has to be scrutinized repeatedly before it can be used.
The most appropriate and full expression of thoughts, feelings and life content. Some people say that poetry must start from several aspects.
This is why thousands of tons of languages are excavated and enough words are extracted to express the content. poetic sentiment
To express strong feelings, we must have a distinct rhythm and a harmonious rhythm.
If poems are classified by rhyme, there are generally rhyming poems and blank poems; According to the language situation
Types, including metrical poems and free poems; According to the way of expressing content, it can be divided into lyric and narrative.
Things fall into two categories. Some poems can also be called prose poems if they have the characteristics of prose.
The most widely read literary genre-novel
/kloc-belinsky, a Russian literary theorist in the 0/9th century, once asked such a question: "What?
Which book is most widely read and sold? "He thinks this is a novel. Fiction is the art of expressing people,
It tries to write those "familiar strangers" with twists and turns and touching storylines; This is contemporary.
Picture scroll can reflect the social outlook from all aspects and become the "encyclopedia" of life, so there are
The most readers.
Novels generally have three basic elements: first, characters; The second is the story; The third is the environment.
Describe it. People usually call these "three elements of a novel".
Novels, like other literary genres, should also portray characters and shape typical characters. But it
Unlike poetry, which pays attention to syllable rhythm, and prose, which prefers to express inner feelings, it is more
Unlike drama, it is not limited by the time and space of stage performance, but can be realized through dialogue, action and the outside world.
Appearance and psychological activities, a detailed description of the characters; It can be shown through the stream of consciousness of the characters.
The mystery of the mind; You can also show the personality characteristics of the characters through the rendering and comparison of the environmental atmosphere;
Sometimes imagination and fiction can also be used to reveal the development of characters' personalities or to show the relationship between characters.
Intricate relationships, multi-angle and multi-faceted character descriptions create a typical environment.
Personality and typical image. The diversity of characters' description methods in novels is unmatched by any literary genre.
Yes
Novel, a literary genre, can win the most readers because it can
Show a complex and complete story. It is often said that the mission of a novel is to tell people's stories. no
With a proper storyline, it is difficult to fully and vividly show the character. heartquake
The twists and turns of the story often produce gripping power and profound social significance.
Will affect. The characters in the novel strive hard to pursue beautiful ideals, and they are on the road of life.
The ups and downs, joys and sorrows not only attract readers deeply, but also arouse their sympathy and * * *
Ming, and some also produced a huge educational role.
Fiction is the art of expressing people. People's survival is inseparable from the environment, and novels are different from other literature in environmental description.
Compared with genre, it is more free and flexible. Up and down for thousands of years, several Wan Li, are described.
Within the scope of; The historical features of society, wonderful natural scenery and so on can be fully realized.
You can use the most concrete reflection to contrast the character and let the environmental description truly portray the shape of the character.
Such as service.
Novels can be divided into three categories according to length and capacity: long, medium and short. If you press
Themes can be divided into historical novels and modern novels; According to language classification, there are vernacular novels and classical Chinese novels.
Go ahead. But the most common is classified by length.
The most flexible and free literary genre-prose
Prose is a free and flexible literary genre with rich literariness and emotion. Compared with novels and plays,
It can reflect real life more quickly and widely. In terms of writing, some are like flowing clouds and self-winding.
Such as; Some can swing freely, light and lively. In space, it can be long or short. Thousands of words long.
Above, never tire of reading; A few hundred words are very short, and I don't feel short after reading them. Use it to write landscapes,
The expressions are vivid and appropriate.
Prose has a long history. In ancient China, all articles in literary works except verse were called.
For prose. It is quite clear that novels, poems and plays were excluded from literary works after the May 4th Movement.
All the styles outside are called prose. Such as prose, essays, essays, reportage, biographies, etc.
Research, travel notes, etc.
Prose has three characteristics. The first is a wide range of topics and free information. You can film it.
People's true stories can also be fabricated; You can choose to work, struggle and the whole process of life, or you can choose.
Take one of the scenes, a fragment and a shot to sprout and dig; You can start with a grain.
Seeing the world in the sand, you can also talk about human feelings on half-petal flowers; You can write about the size of the universe or insects.
Very small. Whether it's new people, new things, new things, new scenery, sparks in thoughts or feelings.
A wave can be the theme of prose. The field of prose is broad, free and broad; archaic
Today, at home and abroad, it is all-encompassing.
Secondly, prose can be written freely, and is not limited by any format or framework. It doesn't have to be like poetry.
If the words are concise and rhyming, there is no need to describe the complete characters in detail like novels.
I like it, not to mention writing the whole process of the development of contradictions and conflicts like a drama, and I can move freely.
Use various forms and expressions. In terms of structural layout, it can also be eclectic and patchwork.
Together, open and close freely. As long as there is a clear clue running through all the parts written, it will
Can be a chapter of its own. In the method of expression, narrative, description, lyricism and discussion can be emphasized, or
Can be comprehensively utilized. Thirdly, in language, prose pays attention to literary talent. Prose is not like a novel.
Fascinating stories attract readers, not by dramatic conflicts as gripping as drama.
Audience; Its artistic appeal depends to a great extent on concise and beautiful language, simplicity and freshness, or
The audience was gorgeous and enthusiastic. Even argumentative essays are very visual and decisive.
Don't preach with a straight face, but let invisible, tangible and silent voices surround your ears, giving people art.
The beauty of.
Drama literature of stage performance
As the saying goes, "the script is the basis of a play." Script is the basis of drama performance.
Also known as "script". It is a literary genre juxtaposed with novels, poems and essays.
The stage is the most striking feature of drama literature. The writing of the script is completely subject to the rules of stage art.
Constraints. Because the stage is only tens of square meters, the performance time can't generally exceed three hours, because
This requires that the characters, scenes and time in the script must be highly concentrated. Like Lao She's Teahouse, do it.
Although the time span is very long, from 1898 to 1948, the whole play is only
There are three scenes, one scene and one place. The total performance time is only two and a half hours, which reflects the play well.
Stage requirements of drama.
Another feature of drama literature is that it requires strong drama. "There is no conflict, no.
There is a play. "The so-called drama refers to contradictions and conflicts. It needs limited stage space.
In time, through various contradictions and conflicts between characters, the plot is unfolded and the characters are portrayed.
Promote the development of the plot and reveal the essence of social life. Thunderstorm by the famous playwright Cao Yu
The reason why it is so dramatic is that the whole play is intertwined with Zhou Puyuan and Gui Lu, one of the seven great figures.
The tense, intense, complicated and profound contradictions and conflicts between them have made such a shocking art.
Effect.
In order to meet the needs of stage performance, drama literature cannot have the language directly described by the author, but
Only the language of the characters in the play, such as monologues, dialogues, lyrics, etc. The plot and characters of the script
, but also depends on the dialogue and action of the characters to explain and show, so the characteristics of drama language, just
Compared with other literary genres such as novels, this language is more colloquial, personalized and mobile.
The classification of drama literature is varied. According to the nature of drama conflict, it can be divided into
There are three kinds: tragedy, comedy and drama; According to the different artistic forms and expressions, it can be divided into
Drama, poetic drama and opera.
Folk literature is handed down from generation to generation.
Folk songs, folk stories, myths and legends created by working people and passed down from mouth to mouth.
These works are collectively called folk literature. Its structure is often simple, its language is popular and its form is lively.
Because it is passed down from generation to generation, repeatedly processed and gradually improved, it has the characteristics of mass and collectivity.
Folk literature is the crystallization of the wisdom of working people and the concentration of people's wishes, demands and ideals.
Reflection is also the expression of people's thoughts, feelings and will. It has extremely rich contents and many works.
Pinda has reached a high artistic level. Folk stories Meng jiangnu and Liang Zhu,
Legend of White Snake, Cowherd and Weaver Girl, etc. After continuous processing and improvement, it has become a folk literature.
Excellent learning works have been adapted into literary works of various genres. The same is true of Greek mythology and Homer's epic.
They not only have immortal artistic charm, but also are examples that future generations can't reach.
Folk literature in various countries has a great influence on the development of domestic literature. In the history of our country,
There are few important literary forms, such as four-character poems, Chu Ci, five-character poems, ci, songs and even novels.
One is not born from folk literature. Such as Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Guan Hanqing and Lu Xun.
Almost all of them have been influenced by folk literature; Foreign writers, such as Dante and Boccaccio, are also in contact with the people.
Literature is closely related to literature.
A myth with a long history
Myth originated from primitive society, which is the oral creation of people and the crystallization of primitive culture.
In primitive times, people's intelligence level was relatively low, which could not explain the rise of the sun.
The sun sets and the moon is full of rain and dew. How can there be thunder and lightning in summer and snow and ice in winter?
God, I don't understand how people come and how everything grows. Thought it was all done by one person
The "God" who rules everything is at work, so I imagine the image and ability of "God".
And the story of "God". There were no words at that time, but the earliest "myths and legends" were formed by word of mouth.
It's still a fairy tale. Until the early feudal society, in some ancient books of our country, it was recorded that
The myths and legends of Guan, but they are all simple fragments. The best preserved in the world is ancient Greece.
The myth of. They reflect the will and ideal of human childhood eager to conquer nature, and are human beings.
The earliest literary creation. The Classic of Mountains and Seas in ancient China also preserved many myths.
In mythology, our ancestors' imagination was extremely rich, imagining that many people had super powers.
Man's conquest of natural forces is a hero. Such as shooting down nine suns in the sky to protect people from drought;
Nu Wa, try to fill the sky with five-color stones and let human beings live in peace. So do foreign fairy tales.
If skyfire is stolen, it will bring a bright Prometheus to mankind.
In mythology, natural objects are often personified and personified. Humans in primitive times thought that everything
They are all gods, and all gods have human character and image. So all these gods took someone's.
Name. For example, the sun god in China mythology is Fuxi who controls Japanese cars; What is the name of the goddess in the moon palace?
Chang 'e in ancient Greek mythology, the sun god was called Apollo; The moon god is Artemis;
Poseidon is called Poseidon; The goddess of wisdom is called Athena.
In mythology, every major invention that has contributed to mankind is listed in the name of a god.
Go down. For example, in ancient China mythology, the god who invented grain and medicine was Shennong; The god who invented the house is
Families with nests; It was Suiren who invented fire. In ancient Greek mythology, the same is true. Almighty God is Hector.
Lackers; The skillful craftsman is hephaestus, and so on.
Myth is the source of our understanding of human childhood and human literature, and it has the following characteristics.
High aesthetic value. In the history of China literature, Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai and Wu Cheng'en were great.
Both poets and writers are influenced by myths. Some draw materials directly from myths, while others absorb them.
In myth, exaggeration, fiction, fantasy, etc. In the history of western literature, such cases are even more so.
Too many. Dante's Divine Comedy is based on Greek mythology.
A short story with profound meaning-fable
Fable is a literary work that uses figurative stories to illustrate the truth. Most of them are length.
A short, simple, ironic and instructive story.
The most basic feature of fable is that the theme has the nature of accommodation. It always contains profound and complex truth in shallowness.
A simple story. For example, the story of "Waiting for the Rabbit" is not just about what to use.
Methods can catch rabbits, but it is more important to tell a common and abstract story through such a story.
Truth: If we regard the contingency of the development of things as inevitability, we are blindly expecting this contingency.
If you show up again, you will get nothing. Some ironic fables may not be obvious at a glance.
Between the lines, but after thinking about it, you will feel that there is a universal and profound meaning.
The protagonists of fables are often people, and some are animals and plants. With animals and plants as the leading role.
Characters are personified, and animals and plants are written as adults. Fables usually tell stories,
But the plot is not too tortuous and complicated. It often uses exaggeration and imagination, but it is not absurd. Also use fables.
Metaphor aims to illustrate the universal truth through visualized stories.
Fable creation, China has been very prosperous in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than two thousand years ago, like
Paradoxically, mantis arms block cars, mantis catches cicadas, yellowbird comes behind, and Ye Gong likes dragons.
Wait a minute. They are all excellent works. Later, Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty also created many works.
Famous works, such as Donkey in Guizhou and Words of the Orange Seller.
Abroad, Aesop's Fables was widely circulated in ancient Greece in the 6th century BC.
Now let's look at Aesop's fables. Later generations sorted out the records, and * * * collected three or four hundred.
A fable story reflects the social life at that time and the people's struggle experience and life education against oppression.
Training.
Reportage integrating news and literature.
Reportage is a literary genre that quickly reflects true stories with the help of images. It's literature and art
Communications, features and sketches.
The basic characteristics of reportage mainly include three aspects: one is news, the other is literature,
The third is politics. It must put important events, people, time and place in real life.
Or historical facts, report to readers quickly, accurately and truly. This is its news. But this is also
People and events with news value must be reflected in the form of literature. In other words, it will.
We must pay attention to the artistic organization and arrangement of character description and plot structure, and the language must be literary.
Learn color. The content of reportage belongs to the true story completely, and it is the place where writers interview, investigate and observe.
Materials, but due to the processing and organization of these interview materials, pay attention to people.
The description of object images has a strong artistic appeal, which is different from general news reports.
Reportage requires writers to have a strong sense of social responsibility and to judge their own objective things.
The works are filled with beautiful feelings and aesthetic views, and the author has the right to comment on the facts he sees.
This forms another feature of reportage-political theory. In the famous reportage Bao Shen
In The Works, the author Xia Yan describes the miserable experiences of bonded labourers in the old society with the clue of their day's activities.
Daily life and poor working conditions, as well as a very orderly system of bonded labor.
Cause analysis and attacks on this evil system. It is because of these discussions and analysis that it makes
Readers hate the brutal debt bondage system and firmly believe that Chinese workers will rise.
Struggle, break the shackles and usher in the dawn.
Reportage is obviously different from news reports and novels. Although it is the same as the news report,
Must be accurate and reflect quickly, but can extract and summarize objective facts, and
Do not need news reports; Although reportage, like novels, emphasizes the description of people and things, but
You can discuss events and people directly and express the author's own views. What about novels?
It emphasizes that the author's opinions can only be reflected through the shaping of the image, and the author generally does not express his opinions directly.
Open.
Time video-memoirs
Memoirs are a kind of narrative prose. The "client" (author) uses it to recall himself.
Personal past experience, or other people's life experience, a style of social activities. Because of its loyalty
In history, the record is true, so people call it "the video of the years."
Memoirs are documentary in nature and have certain historical reference value. It requires remembering the characters and
Events must be true, must be true, and cannot be fabricated, tampered with or distorted.
Memoirs can be divided into two types according to different contents and emphases: author-oriented and notes-oriented.
Memoirs based on characters can be written about the experiences of characters over a long period of time, or they can be written about characters.
A certain stage of an activity. You can write in detail or in short. Such as Lu Xun's "About Mr. Taiyan"
Two or three things ",a true record of Mr Zhang Taiyan the" learned revolutionary "a few things, make
Readers have a clear understanding of Mr. Zhang Taiyan's character, knowledge and shortcomings. So this reply
Memories are of documentary value. Some memoirs focus on characters, focusing on characterization and canon.
The rendering of genre environment has a strong literary color, which is close to biographical literature and has literary value.
Memoirs, mainly notes, mainly focus on a historical event and recall the specifics at that time.
Situation. You can write the historical facts of a period, the whole story of an event, or the profile of an event.
Face, a fragment. Such as Memoirs of the May 4th Movement and Memoirs of the Long March. This memory
Records have a strong historical value.