However, william faulkner's father is usually regarded as a black sheep. He changed his job one after another, but he never found his own place. But Faulkner is proud of his mother. She has a strong will and a strong self-esteem. A father who has repeatedly failed is incompatible with a mother who has a high self-esteem. When he was a child, his mother often forced him to choose between "weakness" and "strength", which made him experience deep division and pain from an early age. William faulkner is shorter than his peers, and he hopes to grow taller throughout his childhood. Great-grandfather's glory is in great contrast with his father's loneliness. The split of family and physical disadvantage promote his imagination to develop from liking to dependence. Faulkner gradually moved away from group activities and even played truant. William faulkner regarded himself as a great-grandfather's child and imitated the life of the old colonel from an early age. He refused to use his father's name Cuthbert, and used the family giant's name William as his real name. At the age of 9, he began to say "I want to be a writer like my great-grandfather"-this sentence was repeated and became a mantra.
By the age of 10, Faulkner had started reading works by Shakespeare, Dickens, Balzac, Conrad and others. However, in the fifth grade, his grades began to decline, although he was not bad among his classmates. Short Faulkner doesn't get along well with his classmates. After the sixth grade, he often missed classes and ran to his relatives' home from time to time. Faulkner, 12 years old, inherited his father's love for horses, and often participated in choirs, played baseball and studied painting. 19 10, little Faulkner changed his back frame, reduced his sports activities and spent all his time writing. At this time, he published the earliest poems, essays and short stories. /kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, Faulkner read Moby Dick by Melville and enjoyed it very much. The Old Testament was his frequent reading, which had a great influence on his later creation. 19 16 years, 19-year-old Faulkner took the 11th grade entrance examination for the second time and failed. Grandfather found him a job in the bank, but he didn't take it seriously and often attended social activities at the University of Mississippi. Later, he planned to join the army, but was rejected because of his height and age. 1965438+In June, 2008, he pretended to be an Englishman and signed up for the Royal Air Force, proving his address in London with fake documents. He went to the training camp in Toronto, Canada for military training and learned techniques such as wireless telegraphy. Later, he entered the Fourth Military School in Toronto. He lied to people that he came from an advanced church family in England and went to Yale University. However, he didn't take part in the battle. World War I ended with191811. After he came back, he limped on purpose and boasted everywhere that it was the sequela left by his participation in air combat.
In September 2009, Faulkner accepted his mother's suggestion and became a special student at the University of Mississippi. In the same year, he published his first short story "Lucky Landing" and some parody poems in Mississippi. At school, Faulkner's idleness caused attacks from his classmates, who nicknamed him "Earl who did nothing". 1920, 1 1 In June, Faulkner chose to leave school. He started drinking and frequented bars and brothels. He still lives on the support of his parents and friends. 192 1 year, he got a position in a bookstore in new york, and he also used this position to read a lot of works including Hawthorne, Mark Twain and Tolstoy.
1922, Faulkner returned to Mississippi and became the postmaster of the University of Mississippi. When he was in the post office, he often used his working hours to read books and newspapers, drink and play cards, and his mail was often delayed, and students complained constantly. 1924, the postal inspector fired him. After he left, he said to people, "Thank God, from now on I don't have to listen to any turtle grandson who has twenty cents to buy stamps."
1925 In July, Faulkner went to Europe. Went to Paris and London. During his stay in Paris, he met James Joyce without saying hello. In February, 65438, his first novel, The Reward of Soldiers, was officially published. Faulkner's second novel Mosquito was published in 1927, and received many favorable comments in China. During this period, he still drinks heavily and still relies on the support of his family and friends.
1928 In the spring, he began to write the third novel about the Compson family, Dusk, which became The Sound and the Fury. Harrison Smith, editor of harcourt Blaise Company, agreed to publish Flag in the Grave, but asked him to do more than 20,000 words to reduce the experimental color. He agreed and was busy revising the completed The Sound and the Fury according to his own wishes. Faulkner finally moved out of Watson's apartment, took turns to live with a few friends, wrote articles for some magazines with higher remuneration, and waited for Smith's evaluation of The Sound and the Fury. In early February 65438, he returned to Oxford. At this time, Faulkner Hall was built in the town to pay tribute to this "little colonel", and his younger brother John became a prosecutor. After returning to new york, he found that the editors didn't think highly of The Sound and the Fury. Some novels were submitted to Scribner magazine and rejected.
1929 1 The novel Sha dorris dedicated to sherwood anderson (the flag in the tomb) was published. In February, he wrote to thank Harcourt and told him that he was already writing a new novel, The Temple. On April 29th, estelle and Franklin formally divorced. In May, Faulkner completed the typed version of The Temple, but it was rejected by the publishing house. Although Faulkner and oldham were not optimistic, Faulkner and estelle got married on June 20th, and then spent their honeymoon on the beach in Pascal Gula. Estelle tried to commit suicide during his honeymoon, but was later controlled by sedatives. On October 7th, 65438/kloc-0, The Sound and the Fury was published, which was well received by critics. In June1930+1October 12, Faulkner finished "As I Lay Dying", and then he planned to contribute to some famous magazines. Thirty of these novels are planned to be published in the next three years. At this time, his remuneration for short stories has exceeded that for writing four novels in the past. 12 In April, Faulkner bought a villa named "sabina", which was the product of the civil war and officially settled in June. This house became Faulkner's home in later years. On April 30th, the short story A Rose for Emily was published in Tribune magazine. Other short stories published in the same year included Honor, Thrift and Martyrdom. On October 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, As I Lay Dying was published by Cape & Smith Company in new york. In February, 65438, the same company published a revised edition of the Temple.
1in April, 930, Faulkner's most famous short story "A Rose for Emily" was published in Tribune magazine, which caused great repercussions. In the same year, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate sinclair lewis mentioned Faulkner in his speech, saying that he "liberated the South from the tears of sentimental women". From 65438 to 0932, Faulkner signed a contract with MGM, a famous Hollywood film company, and began to write screenplays. In June, he turned down Bennett Cerf's request to write a preface for the special edition of The Sound and the Fury, despite the higher pay. In February, he took part in flight training and then bought a plane in Hollywood. In May, the film "Temple" adapted from "Temple" met the audience. In June, my daughter Jill was born, and she was loved by Faulkner in every way. Faulkner is busy writing, but he is a little at a loss. He finally published the short story "Hunting Bear" in the Saturday Evening Post. The editor of the newspaper appreciated the author's talent and began to ask him for more manuscripts. In August, the color printed The Sound and the Fury was sent to the Central Emergency Fund, but the manuscript was lost and could not be published. In June+10, 65438, he wrote to tell Smith that he had the idea of Requiem for a nun and baptized his daughter. His obsession with flying and the decoration of his house soon put his financial situation in trouble. In the spring and autumn of the following year, he went to New Orleans to watch many airshows, and even participated in them himself. He met many flying artists and became the material of the later novel Pagoda (1935). After returning to Oxford in August, he quickly finished writing a series of short stories such as Ambush, Retreat, Surprise, Mule in the Yard. Hawkes recalled him to Hollywood in June and assigned him the task of adapting Sartre's "Gold" script. After returning to China in August, I finished the script, wrote short stories such as The Unconquered Man and The Buyer, and began to write Absalom, Absalom! The York Napatafa series has gradually taken shape.
1935 At the end of March, Faulkner discovered Absalom, Absalom! "I couldn't connect the fragments I wrote together, so I began to rewrite the novel. He passed on his passion for flying to his younger brother Dean, and the two brothers often performed together. Faulkner also talked to several editors about the serial Absalom, Absalom! ",there is no result. In June 5438+10, he returned to his hometown from new york and continued to write Absalom, Absalom! Phil Si Tong married Emily Whitehurst, a woman 16 years younger than him. Whitehurst 1930 came to Oxford, taught for five years and liked Faulkner's works very much. 165438+1October 10 Bad news came-Dean died on the plane that Faulkner bought him, while he was performing in Pontotok. Faulkner thinks that his brother's death was caused by his being his brother, because it was he who encouraged Dean to learn to fly and set an example for his brother with his flying hobby. Faulkner fell into grief again and often wrote late into the night to escape. 65438+went to Hollywood in February, finished writing a script, and finished writing Absalom, Absalom! 1936 recovered from illness at the beginning, and basically completed Absalom, Absalom in February! "Modify and typing. Hawkes' secretary Mehta Dougherty Carpenter met Faulkner at the end of last year and fell in love at this time. Meta is younger than Faulkner 10 years old. He often recited poems by Keats, houseman and algernon Charles Swinburne for her, and also created some pornographic poems and paintings for her. Faulkner's marriage is in crisis. In order to make money, he worked in Radio and Television China Film Company for a while, but he didn't make any contribution. When I came home in June, I found that Estelle had many accounts on her credit. As a result, I wrote a statement saying that I was not responsible for my wife's debts, so I had a conflict with my father-in-law. In the middle of July, Faulkner and his wife went to Hollywood. In August, Faulkner reported to 20th Century Fox that the couple soon found a house in northern Santa Monica. Conflicts still broke out from time to time, sometimes even to the point of using force. Faulkner often complained to Meta. At Oxford, Meta had an affair with the pianist Wolfgang Lajbner. After returning, Mehta discussed Faulkner's divorce, but Faulkner knew it wouldn't work. They still had frequent trysts, and finally estelle noticed them. In February 65438, Mehta accepted Rebner's proposal of marriage. Faulkner wanted to keep her, but finally gave up. Despite these twists and turns, Faulkner made great efforts to create screenplays, including slave ship, A Wave, A Divided Fleet, Ballroom, Drums Along the Mohawk and so on. However, he is not qualified for this line of work. He resumed flying in September. Mehta went to Europe for her honeymoon, and Faulkner wrote in Absalom, Absalom! The first book in the limited edition is entitled "To Meta Carpenter". Meta's experience often makes him lose control of his emotions and drown his sorrows in wine. 1939,65438+10, Faulkner appeared on the cover of Time magazine. During his stay in Hollywood, he earned 2 1000 dollars. 1In February, 938, he bought a 320-acre "green farm". In the same year, he published a short story "Burning the Stables" in Harper's Monthly, and won the O 'Henry Prize. This is the first time that he has won a literary prize. 1939 65438+ 10, became an academician of the National Academy of Literature and Art, and also appeared on the cover of Time magazine.
194 1 year, Faulkner published the famous short story "Bear", which had a far-reaching influence on American literary circles and was regarded as "the key to understanding all Faulkner's novels and even American southern literature". From 65438 to 0942, Faulkner returned to Hollywood and wrote a lot of war dramas, such as The Story of the Liberator, The Life and Death of the Bomber, The Scream of War and so on. 1945, Faulkner decided to leave Hollywood because of a contract dispute. 1947 He was invited to teach in the English Department of the University of Mississippi. 1949, Faulkner won the Nobel Prize in Literature in the competition with Camus, Pasternak, john steinbeck and Hemingway. The reason for winning the prize is "because he has made a powerful and unparalleled contribution to contemporary American novels". At first, he claimed on the phone that he would not attend the ceremony and refused the interview. However, when he came back from the hunting camp, he was persuaded. Instead of banning alcohol as planned, he appeared at the award ceremony with a sickly face, and quickly read the pre-written speech with a strong southern accent. This is one of the most famous speeches in the history of Nobel Prize in Literature. Faulkner predicted that human beings "will not only continue, but also win" in many hardships. He countered the criticism that his works were erotic and weird, and his reputation reached its peak. Then he went to Paris to meet Sartre and Camus.
He used some Nobel Prizes to set up Faulkner Prize for Fiction to encourage and support young novelists. Another part of the prize money will be donated to Oxford Bank in Mississippi to set up scholarships to help local African-American teachers. 195 1 year, his collection of short stories won the National Book Award. In the same year, he was awarded the French Legion of Honor. 1954, his famous novel Fable was published, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Novel and the National Book Award for the second time. From 65438 to 0955, Faulkner visited Tokyo, Japan, which was widely reported by major Japanese media.
From 65438 to 0954, he visited England, Paris and Sao Paulo. In April, he published a non-fiction article "Mississippi", introducing his hometown history and the author's childhood and works. In addition, he wrote a cover recommendation for Fable, claiming that "pacifism is useless and can't cope with the forces that make war", but Cummins decided not to use this passage. Fable was officially published in August. In June 5438+10, I read the Secret World of Faulkner written by Kugelan and wrote an article to fight back. From 65438 to 0955, he visited seven countries at the request of the State Council. In March, he wrote an open letter, arguing that compulsory racial integration in schools was meaningless to improve the teaching situation. In April, he made a report entitled "Freedom in America". In June, the debate about cooperative education in black and white schools became fierce. Faulkner was under great pressure because of his position, and even extremists threatened to call him. In August, he visited Tokyo, Manila and Italy. Before Japan's visit, it was widely reported by major media, and the intellectual community was in an uproar. At the airport, he refused most of the reporter's questions, only mentioning his interest in Japanese culture and how to avoid war. He didn't attend the luncheon the next day and said nothing at the reception in the afternoon. In the interview in the next few days, he talked about the responsibility for the land and the courtesy and restraint of the Japanese. The Japanese think this writer is quite conservative, which is quite different from the popular style at that time. While in Rome, he issued a statement on the case of emmett Tell on September 6th. The young black man whistled and made rude gestures to a white woman he met on the road. As a result, he was killed by two whites, and the local court acquitted the two whites. Faulkner condemned this: "If we Americans can kill a child in a culture of despair-for whatever reason, no matter what color he is-then we don't deserve to live, and maybe we won't live any longer." From 65438 to 0956, the black civil rights movement in the United States surged. In February, the Sunday Times published an article claiming that Faulkner would "fight for the United States and Mississippi, even if it meant he would take to the streets and shoot black people", which Faulkner later denied. In mid-April, the black leader W E B du bois asked for a debate with him, but he refused. As a matter of fact, he supported the gradual and patient realization of racial equality, but disapproved of radical revolution. This attitude made him opposed by southern blacks, liberals and extreme racists at the same time. James baldwin, a black writer, wrote, "After more than 200 years of slavery and more than 90 years of quasi-freedom, it is difficult for people to speak highly of william faulkner's' take your time' proposal". Alice Walker also believes that "Faulkner is not prepared to use struggle to change the structure of the society in which he was born."
1957 In February, Faulkner became a resident writer at the University of Virginia. In March, he took time off to go to Greece, visited Mycenae and some small islands, and accepted the silver medal of Athens Academy of Sciences. In May, the new novel "Small Town" was published, and in February, 65438+ congratulated Camus, the Nobel Prize in Literature winner. On February 1958, Faulkner gave a speech entitled "Message to Virginians" at the University of Virginia. He thinks that a country can't survive when one tenth of the population is "wandering at will", which makes him severely criticized by the audience. In the next speech, he talked about his views on writing. He believes that writing is a natural expression of feelings, and there is no need to revise the balance repeatedly. In May, the American government invited him to join the writers' delegation to the Soviet Union, but he refused. In June, he lost his friend saxophone Cummins for many years. In the second half of the year, he devoted himself to writing. In June+February, 5438, he added a grandson: william cuthbert faulkner Summers.
1959 65438+ 10. In October, he finished The Mansion, and new york John King Theater staged Requiem for a Nun, which was the first performance of the play in the United States. In the past six months, he has repeatedly revised the mansion. Faulkner once accidentally fell off his horse, got sick from time to time, and was taken to the hospital for alcoholism. 196 1 At the beginning of the year, Faulkner, 64, made a will and donated all the manuscripts to william faulkner Club, and made his daughter Jill the chairman of the board of directors. In the same year, he finished his last novel, The Predator.
1962 In February, Faulkner received an invitation from the White House to attend a dinner hosted by President John F. Kennedy and 50 other Nobel Prize winners. Faulkner replied, "At my age, I am too old to walk that far to eat with strangers." In May, he went to new york to receive the novel gold medal of American Academy of Arts and Literature, and the winner was eudora welty. In June, I returned to Hawthorn Oak and lived a life of riding, walking and meeting friends. His health continued to deteriorate, and he was admitted to Bahlia Wright Sanatorium on July 5th, and died of a heart attack at 1: 30 the next morning. After Faulkner died, his body was transported back to his hometown of Oxford. Many writers, including Robert Frost and Dos pazos, sent messages of condolence, and relatives, friends and townspeople attended his funeral. He was buried in the family cemetery, next to the grave of his dead daughter Alabama. 1963, Faulkner's last novel, The Predator, won the Pulitzer Prize, which is the second time that the Pulitzer Prize has been awarded to an living writer.