Content of the Book of Songs Manuscript 1 You can use the poems in The Book of Songs to determine the specific writing time. Generally speaking, Fu and Ya came into being earlier, basically in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The national wind was produced in the early and middle period of the Spring and Autumn Period, except for Fufeng and a part of Ernan.
As far as the nature of poetry is concerned, "elegance" and "ode" are basically music songs written for specific purposes and used in specific occasions, while "national style" is mostly folk songs. It is only a part of Xiaoya, similar to the national style. But it must be pointed out that the folk songs we are talking about here are just a general term; Its characteristics are just the opposite of the above-mentioned "elegance" and "ode". It is an ordinary lyric song created by an unknown author and circulated in society. The identity of most folk song writers is not easy to explore. If the identity of the narrator in the poem is regarded as the identity of the author, it includes both laborers and soldiers, and there are quite a few figures belonging to the scholar class. Scholars belonged to the lowest nobility at that time, while scholars were a general term for nobles. In addition, there are many unidentified people. Therefore, it can only be roughly said that this kind of folk song is a kind of social mass work.
Because of the different nature of poetry, the content of its description is also different. Below, we select several important types to introduce.
The poem Ode is mainly Ode to Zhou, which is a sacrificial poem of the Zhou royal family, and it was produced in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition to simply praising the merits of ancestors, some people pray for God in spring and summer or thank God in autumn and winter, which reflects the social characteristics and agricultural production of Zhou people in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
As the Harvest Year sings:
In a good year, there are many crops, as well as high, trillion and crops. For the sake of wine, for the sake of ancestors, for the sake of everyone.
On the harvest day, people happily and actively offer sacrifices to their ancestors, hoping that they will give them more blessings. While Xixi depicts the situation of large-scale farming:
When you become a king, you will not only show your falsehood, but also lead a farmer and spread a hundred valleys. Officials push your si, on the 30-mile field. Closely cooperate with your farming, ten thousand people are yoked together, forming five thousand pairs.
In the vast fields, thousands of farmers work at the same time. What a spectacular scene! At the same time, we also think that in this powerful collective activity, the value of individual existence is easily ignored and obliterated. This is the price that must be paid at that specific historical stage and economic conditions.
Book of Songs Manuscripts Catalogue 2 The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which includes poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century) for about 500 years. In addition, there are six poems with topics but no content, that is, no words, which are called sheng poems, also known as "Three Hundred Poems". The pre-Qin dynasty was called "Poetry", or the integer was called "Poetry 300". In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since. Mao Heng in Han Dynasty annotated The Book of Songs, so it was also called Mao Shi. Most of the authors of the poems in The Book of Songs cannot be verified. It involves the Yellow River Basin, starting from Shaanxi and eastern Gansu in the west, reaching southwest Hebei in the north, Shandong in the east and Jianghan Basin in the south.
The Book of Songs consists of 305 articles, which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind has fifteen national styles and is a folk song of all countries in the world. This part of literature has the highest achievements, including praising beautiful things such as love and labor, complaining and angry about homesickness, thinking about people and opposing oppression and bullying. Elegance and vulgarity are divided into elegance and vulgarity and Xiaoya, and most of them are poems that offer sacrifices to noble people, pray for a good harvest and praise their ancestors. Xiaoya also has some folk songs. Ode is a poem dedicated to the ancestral temple. The poems in Ya and Ode are of great value to our study of early history, religion and society. Confucius once summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as "innocence" and educated his disciples and children to read the Book of Songs as their standard of speech and action. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many people quoted The Book of Songs, such as Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. Quote the sentences in the Book of Songs to enhance your persuasiveness. Later, The Book of Songs was regarded as a classic by Confucianism and became one of the Six Classics (including Poetry, Calligraphy, Rites, Yue, Yi, Spring and Autumn) and Five Classics (without Yue).
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, which contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and vulgarity, and fu. This book interprets the poems in The Book of Songs. It not only reflects the tragic fate and resistance struggle of the working people who are exploited and oppressed, but also reflects the profound disaster brought to the working people by heavy military service and corvee. It not only satirizes the decadence of the ruling class, but also describes the scene of people's working life; It not only describes the love and marriage of ordinary people, but also reflects the major events in history and the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. It can be said that it is a mirror of social life for about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. This book selects some of these poems, hoping to bring some benefits to readers!
Characteristics and Influence of Content 3 of the Book of Songs Manuscript
The characteristics and influence of The Book of Songs are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, lyric poetry in The Book of Songs is the mainstream.
Secondly, the poems in The Book of Songs, except for a few, fully reflect the real world, daily life and daily experience.
Thirdly, in connection with the second item mentioned above, The Book of Songs has obvious political and moral color as a whole.
Fourthly, the lyric poems in The Book of Songs are generally restrained when expressing personal feelings, so they appear peaceful.
The above mainly discusses several important features of The Book of Songs from the aspects of content, ideological tendency and lyrical features. These characteristics had a profound influence on China's later literature. Let's briefly introduce the characteristics of The Book of Songs from the aspects of language form and expression techniques. The influence of these aspects is different.
The basic sentence pattern of The Book of Songs is four characters, and sometimes there are various sentence patterns from two characters to nine characters. However, the proportion of miscellaneous sentences is very low. Only a few poems are dominated by miscellaneous words, such as Vatan. Based on the four sentences, it can be inferred that the musical melody of singing the Book of Songs at that time was relatively stable and simple. After the Han Dynasty, four-character poems appeared intermittently, but they are no longer an important form of poetry. On the contrary, it is widely used in special poetic styles such as ci fu, ode, praise, ode, admonition and topic.
Classification of Four Kinds of Handwritten Newspapers in The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs mostly adopts the form of overlapping chapters and sentences in text structure, and there are three main ways of expression, which are usually called fu, bi and xing.
People call the content arrangement and expression of The Book of Songs "ode to elegance", and the classification of poems in The Book of Songs has the theory of "four beginnings and six meanings". "Four Beginnings" refers to four top poems: National Style, Elegant Style, Xiaoya and Ode. "Six meanings" refers to "wind, elegance, praise, fu, comparison and glory". "Style, elegance and praise" are the classification of the Book of Songs according to different music, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions of the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is mainly composed of four words and miscellaneous words.
The division of style, elegance and fu is based on the difference of music.
"Wind" includes folk songs from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei and Shandong (Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin). Most of them are folk songs in the Yellow River valley, and most of them are polished folk songs, called "The Wind of Fifteen Countries", with 160 articles, which is the core of the Book of Songs. "Wind" refers to rural wind and wind ballads.
(Fifteen national styles: Nan Zhou, Yan, Yan, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao and Yi)
Ya is divided into (74 pieces) and Daya (3 1 piece). Daya is a court music song with *** 105 pieces.
"Elegance" is formal music, that is, music songs when nobles enjoy banquets or princes attend meetings. According to the music layout, it is divided into "Ya" and "Xiaoya", with 105 poems, including 3 poems of Ya1and 74 poems of Xiaoya. Elegance is mostly written by nobles, while Xiaoya expresses her personal feelings. Of course, most of them are works of literati, but there are also many words in Xiaoya that are similar to wind and ballads, such as yellow birds, going their separate ways, valley wind, why the grass is not yellow and so on.
Odes include Zhou Song (3 1), Truffle (4) and Ode to Shang Dynasty (5), which are 40 music songs and dance songs used in ancestral temple sacrifice.
Ode is a sacrificial music, which is divided into 3 1 Zhou Song, 4 truffles, 5 commercial songs and 40 * * *. Originally, it was a musical song to praise the gods or ancestors when offering sacrifices, but all four poems of Truffle are to praise the living and beautiful Lu Xigong, and there are also flattering poems in Shang songs.
"Wind" means tone. It is relative to "Wang Ji", an area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. It is local music in different regions, mostly folk songs. The poem "Feng" is a folk ballad collected from 15 regions, including China, Yi, Yan, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao and Yi. *** 160 articles. Mostly folk songs. According to the name and the content of the poem, it can be roughly inferred that the poem originated in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and northern Hubei.
Elegance is the joy of "Wang Ji" and is called "Xia" by Zhou people in this area. "Ya" and "Xia" were commonly used in ancient times. Elegance also means "positive". At that time, Ji Wang's music was regarded as a positive tone-a model music. People in the Zhou Dynasty called Zheng Yayue, just as people in the Qing Dynasty called Kunqu Opera Ya Bu, with the meaning of honorific title. Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "Elegance is righteousness, and singers are joy. The size of his articles is different, but the pros and cons of Confucian scholars are different. Today's test is the joy of Xiaoya and Yan Yan; It is elegance, the joy of attending the meeting, and the words of discipline. Different words and sounds have different syllables. Therefore, the difference between size and elegance lies in its content. "
"Ode" is a musical song and epic sacrificed in the ancestral temple, and its content is mostly to praise the achievements of ancestors. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "The description of the virtues of the eulogists is also based on their success in telling the gods." This is the meaning and usage of ode. Wang Guowei said: "Praise is slower than elegance." This is the characteristic of his music.
Content 5: The expression of the manuscript of The Book of Songs
According to Zhu's Biography of Poetry, "Fu" means "Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Fu, Zhu". In other words, Fu is directly narrated. Is the most basic expression. Such as "life and death are generous, Zicheng said. Holding your hand and growing old with your son is to express your feelings directly.
Zhu's interpretation of "comparison" is "comparing one thing with another", which is metaphor. Similes and metaphors fall into this category. Metaphors are used in many places and in various ways in The Book of Songs. For example, Dream uses the change of mulberry trees from lush to withered to compare the rise and fall of love; "heming" uses the metaphor that "stones from other mountains can attack jade" to govern the country with sages; In Shuo Ren, the metaphor of beauty's hand, beauty's skin, beauty's teeth and so on are all good examples of using "Bi" in The Book of Songs.
"Fu" and "Bi" are the most basic means of expression in all poems, while "Xing" is the unique means in The Book of Songs and even China's poems. The original meaning of the word "Xing" is "Qi", so it is often called "Qi Xing", which plays a role in rendering atmosphere and creating artistic conception in poetry. The word "xing" in The Book of Songs is interpreted by Zhu as "talking about other things first, so as to stimulate what is sung", that is, paving the way for what is sung by other things. It is often used at the beginning of a poem or a chapter. Sometimes when a sentence in a poem looks interesting, whether it is interesting can be judged by whether it is used at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. For example, in Feng Wei's self-protection, "Mulberry leaves are flourishing before they fall" means prosperity. About the most primitive "xing" is just a beginning, which has nothing to do with the following, but shows drift and association for no reason. Just like Qin Feng's Morning Wind, it is difficult to find a meaningful connection between the "Morning Wind" at the beginning and the "Seeing a gentleman, worrying" at the back. Although in this case, it may be incomprehensible because of the time gap, this situation definitely exists. Even in modern folk songs, we can still see such "xing".
Besides, there are many meaningful uses of "Xing", such as metaphor, symbol and contrast. But it is precisely because "Xing" is originally produced by the drifting and association of ideas without reason, so even if it has a more real meaning, it is not so rigid, but subtle. For example, Guan Guan's novel begins with "Guan Guan's pigeons are in the river continent", which turned out to be the poet's use of the scenery in front of him to raise the following "My Fair Lady, Gentleman is Good". Guan Hu's chorus can also be used as a metaphor for courtship or harmonious love between men and women, but its metaphor is of little significance. Another example is the poem "Peach Blossom", which begins with "Peach Blossom Blossom Blossom Blossom Blossom" and describes the beautiful atmosphere of peach blossom in spring. It can be said to be a realistic pen, but it can also be understood as a metaphor for the bride's beauty, and it can also be said to set off the warm atmosphere of the wedding. Because "Xing" is such an implicit and freely used technique, poets who like the implicit and euphemistic charm of poetry in later generations are particularly interested in it. Their own clever tricks and innovations are numerous, which constitute the special taste of China's classical poetry.