all one's life
Meng Haoran was born in 689 AD (the first year of Yongchang in Wuhou), and he was unwilling to live in seclusion in the Tang Dynasty. When I was in my prime, I wandered to wuyue, and then I went to Chang 'an for an official position, but I had to go back to my hometown because there was no one on the road. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740), the poet Wang Changling visited Xiangyang and had a good talk with him. But at this time, Meng Haoran is suffering from back sores. It is said that he died at the age of 52.
Meng Haoran's life, wandering in the contradiction between seeking an official and retiring, ended his desire to seek an official until he hit a nail. Although he lived in seclusion in the mountains, he still kept in touch with Zhang Jiuling and other dignitaries at that time, and also sang with poets Wang Wei, Li Bai and Wang Changling.
Meng Haoran's poems broke away from the narrow realm of responding to the system and praising things in the early Tang Dynasty, expressed more personal embrace, brought fresh breath to Kaiyuan poetry circle, and won the admiration of people at that time. Li Bai praised him for "the mountains, how I long to reach you, you are just a pure poet", and Du Fu praised him for "the poems and songs of Qing people are no less than others". It can be seen that he was famous at that time. Less than ten years after his death, his poems were edited twice and sent to the "secret room" for preservation. The existing collection of Meng Haoran.
Meng Haoran was born in 689 AD (the first year of Yongchang in Wuhou). Traveling to Chang 'an at the age of 40 should be promoted by Jinshi. He once wrote a poem named Gong Qing in imperial academy, and he wrote for it. He has a close friendship with Wang Wei. Legend has it that Wang Wei once invited himself into the office, just as Xuanzong arrived, Haoran fled to the bed. Wang Wei didn't dare to hide it. According to the facts, Xuanzong was ordered to see it. Haoran recited his poem to the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", but Xuanzong was not happy. He said, "You don't want to be an official, and I haven't abandoned you. Why do you falsely accuse me!" Put it back in Xiangyang. After roaming in wuyue, I was extremely poor. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Han Chaozong invited Meng Haoran to Chang 'an to show his respect. But he didn't want to be famous, so he stood me up and got nowhere. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling became the long history of Jingzhou, which led to the shogunate. Before long, he returned to his former residence. In 740 AD (the 28th year of Kaiyuan), Wang Changling visited Xiangyang, met Meng Haoran and got to know each other very well. Shi Haoran has a poisonous sore on his back. He will recover. He died because he indulged in feasting and eating fresh food. Meng Haoran was born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He was useful to the world in his early years, but he was politically frustrated and lived in seclusion for life. He is an honest and clean man, and he doesn't like to please others. His Geng Jie disobedient character and naive and noble sentiment are admired by contemporary and future generations. Li Bai praised him and said: "The beauty is unlucky, so don't focus on the car, but on the clouds; Now, "White-haired" said admiringly: "Gaoshan, how I long to reach you, just to pay tribute to Chun Xiang (A Word to Meng Haoran). Wang Shiyuan said in the preface to Meng Haoran that he was "handsome in appearance and handsome in spirit; Rescuing patients, resolving disputes, in order to establish righteousness; Irrigation of vegetables and bamboo is noble. " Wang Wei once painted his portrait in Yunzhou Pavilion with the title "Haoran Pavilion". Later generations respected him and refused to call him by his first name, so he changed his name to "Meng Ting" and became a local scenic spot. It can be seen that he is famous among ancient poets. Wang Wei, Li Bai and Wang Changling are all his good friends, and Du Fu and others have a good relationship with him. This is a big trend of Meng Haoran in that era, but it is only an expectation in others' eyes, and at most it is only a temporary adjustment or overdue compensation, but it is a complete fact in Meng Haoran's eyes. Among the complicated factors that constitute this fact, the historical and geographical background of hometown may be a very important point.
In troubled times, such as the era of Pang Degong (a famous figure in the Eastern Han Dynasty), it is the only way out for people with special personality to go into the mountains to collect herbs and never come back. But is it necessary for Meng Haoran, who was born in the prosperous era of Kaiyuan? However, why did my friend extend his quoted hand again and again, but it was rejected? Even in the end, an interview in this state made Han Chaozong make an appointment to go to Beijing together. Finally, he got drunk, bored Han Gong and others, and left alone in a rage? Just like many literati with hermit tendencies at that time, Meng Haoran initially lived in seclusion for a romantic ideal and a sacred tacit understanding with the ancients. This time, there is no doubt that the object of tacit understanding is Pang Degong. Meng Haoran certainly can't turn his back on Pang Gong for the sake of Han Chaozong. Lushan Mountain forbids him. His own home is in Lumen Mountain, where Pang Gong lives in seclusion. He will never be allowed to do that.
The moonlight at the deer gate made the mountain tree appear, and I suddenly came to the seclusion of exile. Lonely mountain road and quiet forest road, only hermits come and go gracefully here.
Who the hell is this stranger? Pang Gong's spirit or the poet himself? I'm afraid he couldn't tell himself at that time, because psychologically he had been assimilated by sages. Pang Degong in history gave him inspiration, and Lumen Mountain in geography gave him convenience. With these two important conditions, the fact of seclusion is much easier to complete. In fact, the home of Lumen Mountain has already made seclusion a fait accompli. As long as you change your mind and admit that you are the heir of Pang Gong, you will become a character in the Biography of Gao Shi. In short, it is the historical and geographical environment of Xiangyang that makes Meng Haoran old all his life. Meng Haoran is Meng Haoran of Xiangyang after all.
Literary works
Meng Haoran's life experience is relatively simple, and the theme of poetry creation is relatively simple. Meng's poems are mostly five-character short stories, mostly pastoral poems and secluded poems, and most of them are in the mood of serving immortals. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although his poems are not as extensive and profound as Wang's, they have unique artistic attainments. Meng Shi's poetry is not carving, but thinking, full of wonderful self-satisfaction interest, not frugality and poverty. He is good at exploring the beauty of nature and life, immediately understanding the scene and writing his true feelings at the moment. For example, Qiu Deng Wan Shan sends Zhang Wu, Summer is in the South Pavilion, Guo Zhuang, Night Sleeping in Jiande, Night Song of Deer Gate, etc. , naturally become muddleheaded, but the artistic conception is clear and full of charm. Du Fu said that his poems and sentences in the Qing Dynasty were "perfect" ("Relieve boredom") and praised him for "why bother to write poems, they often give thanks" ("send happiness"). Pi Rixiu said: "Mr. Wang's works are full of praise when it comes to scenery, regardless of the strangeness, which makes those who are polluted and bound the population feel bored. If he loses, he will be lucky and unfortunate. " The beauty of the Northern Qi Dynasty' hibiscus is exposed, and willow is sparse in the middle of the month'; Mr. Wang has Wei Yun Lian Han, Shu Yu Wu Tong. Yuefu Rong' sunshine on the sand, wind and spring turbidity'; The king said, "The fog of clouds and dreams has trapped Yueyang." . Xie Tiao's poem is' dew wet cold pond grass, bright moon reflects clear Huai Liu'; Mr. Wang has "the wind sends lotus fragrance, and the bamboo leaves drip." "This is better than the ancients." His lyrical works, such as "Returning to the South Mountain at the End of the Year", "Feeling on the River at the Beginning of Cold", "Climbing the Wild Mountain with Friends", "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" and "Talking about Wanshan", etc. Often touched by the ethereal spirit, the brushwork is like nothing, but the meaning is profound and inexhaustible.
Yan Yu uses Zen as a metaphor for poetry, which means that Haoran's poem is "wonderful" (Cang Bian). In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Shi Lu introduced Yan's introduction, praised "the theory of verve" and Wang Meng. He used Ran He's poem "Xunyang Looking at Lushan Mountain at Night" as a model and said, "At this point, the poem is empty, and politics is like a gazelle, and there is no trace to be found. The painter called Yipin. " On the basis of inheriting Tao and Xie, the pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty has made new development and formed a school of poetry. Among his masterpieces, Meng Haoran is the longest. He is the pioneer and has great influence on that time and later generations. His poems are based on broadmindedness, but "there is a strong and free-spirited spirit in broadmindedness" (Tang Yingui cited Pu Yin for money). For example, "Clouds dream up and fog around Yueyang City" ("Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang") is linked with Du Fu's "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the world drifting endlessly" ("Climbing Yueyang Tower"), which has become a famous sentence describing the wonders of Dongting. In Qing Dynasty, Pan Deyu once pointed out: "Pu Qin has been surprised by Xiangyang's poems, such as' Morning Light in Xu Dong'. Lying down in Pukou to smell the fish, the radial sound is dark, and the sunrise weather is divided, which shows that the rivers and lakes are wide and the boat knows the wind. Hanging seats for the morning hair, in the lake. See the middle stream, and press Jiujiang Bear. "In the morning, the incense burner rises and the waterfall sprays Chen Hong." You are full of energy and look down on everything. You can't just look at it and speak clearly. However, this is rare in Meng's poems and cannot represent the main aspects of his style. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, which makes him trapped by space. Su Shi said that he was "high in rhyme but short in talent, such as making wine by internal method without using materials" (quoted from Chen Shidao's Poems on Houshan), which was quite to the point.
Although Meng Xiangyang is the founder of Tangshan water poems, his achievements are not as good as Wang Wei's. Why? One is because of his talent, and the other is because his poems are often not as lofty as Wang Wei's. Meng Haoran has never been an official in his life, and his heart is unwilling. This situation often appears in his poems, which makes his poems cold and frugal. Wang Moshu, however, was an official all his life. After many twists and turns, he had a profound understanding of the changes of the world. This emotion originated from poetry is often interesting and difficult to pursue.
Although, Meng's poems have their own merits. His poem Far Away not only inherits Tao Qian's thoughts, but also does not diminish Wang Wei. For example, sentences such as "Going to the wild in the south, falling leaves, and the north wind coming to Shui Han" and "There is a leaf wind on both sides of the strait, and I sail alone on the moon" can really be described as "empty and comfortable, indifferent" and worthy of being excellent in landscape poetry.
Meng Haoran's poems describe rural scenery and express his love for farm life, which are simple and touching to read. He and Wang Wei are the representatives of pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Characteristics of poetry
Meng Haoran was the first poet who devoted himself to writing landscape poems in Tang Dynasty. Today, there are more than 200 poems, most of which were written when he wandered, and some of which were written when he visited his hometown Wanshan, Xianshan and Lumen Mountain. There are also several poems describing rural life. The geographical scope of this poem is quite extensive.
Landscape is the most important theme of poetry in the Southern Dynasties, which has experienced long-term development and made remarkable achievements. By Meng Haoran, landscape poetry has been promoted to a new height, mainly in the following aspects: the relationship between emotion and scenery in poetry is not only a foil to each other, but also a close fit like water; The artistic conception of poetry is more pure and clear because all unnecessary and uncoordinated elements are eliminated; The structure of the poem is also more perfect. Meng Haoran prefers water rafting during his trip, as he himself said: "For many mountains and rivers, he often goes boating." ("Jing Tan") His poems often describe the beauty of Jiangnan water towns and the interest caused by roaming, such as:
The scenery is clear, bright and radiant. Clarify what is in the water of love. If you are in the pot, what can you do? Whitehead fisherman, Xinhua makeup artist. Look at each other like acquaintances, but you can't talk. (Rowing in the West Field)
Fishing and sitting on a rock, the water is clear and the heart is idle. Fish swam around in the shade of trees, and apes hung on the branches to fight. The story of the goddess Yu Pei is said to have happened on this mountain. Because I don't have such a chance to take risks, I will come back and sing oars in the moonlight. ("Wan Shan Tan Zuo")
Poetry not only plays a documentary role, but also combines the poet's fresh feelings and naive reverie. In his eyes, whether it is the figure bathed in the afterglow of the sunset or the fish and animals playing on the underwater shore, everything he sees seems to have turned into a knowing and kind smile. These poetic scenes do have a crystal clear feeling.
The artistic conception of Meng Haoran's landscape poems is full of vitality and tranquility. But he can also express his greatness with magnificent writing. For example, "Li Peng Lake sees Lushan Mountain": "The moon is dizzy in space, and the boat knows the wind. Hanging seats for the morning hair, in the lake. Mid-stream is KuangFu, potential pressure Jiujiang bear. Thick ink and heavy colors condense, and the sky is empty. On the first day of the incense burner, the waterfall sprayed Chen Hong ... "Pan Deyu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, took this poem and fishing in Putan in his early years as examples, calling Meng Zhi's poem" heroic and overlooking everything "("Yang Shi Hua "), which showed its important characteristics of exuberance.
Yin Kun, a famous poetry critic in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, likes to use the word "Xiang Xing" to talk about poetry. When commenting on Meng Haoran's two poems, he also said that "whatever the image, it is also true" (see He Ji Ling). The so-called "towards the star" means that the poet's emotion and spirit control the image, making it integrate with the vibration of the poet's mind, thus gaining life, personality and vitality. It is a common feature of Meng Haoran's poems to emphasize "looking to the stars". This can be seen more clearly by comparing several different works.
The autumn water rises and almost blends with the shore, mixing water and sky with the sky. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish. (Message from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang)
The mountain was dark when it saw it, and the darkness of the mountain flowed eastward, day and night. The wind on both sides of the strait rustled the branches and leaves, and the moonlight reflected on the river, a boat on a river. Jiande's scenery is good, but it's not my hometown. I still miss my old friends in Yangzhou. Recalling those two lines of tears that I couldn't restrain, I looked at the west side of the west bank and sent sadness to Yangzhou. (From a berth on Tonglu to a friend in Yangzhou)
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart. The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon. (Night parking on Jiande River)
These three poems are all about rivers and lakes, but their personalities are different. The first song was written by Meng when he applied for the Zhang Jiuling shogunate. He was excited to have a chance to try his ambition. He once wrote "Grateful to Play the Crown, Keep Peace and Stay Poor" (Shu Huai Yi Jing Yi Hao Tong) and "It's not too late for an old friend to die now" (Send Ding Dafeng Jinshi to Zhang Jiuling). It is this high-spirited emotion that made him write such a magnificent famous sentence as "Clouds, dreams and fog around Yueyang". The second and third songs were written on the day when I traveled to southern wuyue after I was down and out. The former wrote his own sad inner turmoil with the turbulent scenery of the wind and the river, while the latter wrote the feelings of lonely wanderers with the quiet scenery of the wild Qingjiang River. Their spirits are very different. Taking "Xing" as the essence and "Image" as the essence, highlighting the subject's emotional feelings, unifying the two and constructing a complete artistic conception are the important contributions of Meng Haoran's landscape poems.
The language of Meng Haoran's poetry is "light language but not light taste" (Shen Deqian's Poems), which does not communicate the strange and the different, but avoids the common. Some of his poems are often refined in simple descriptions, but the dense latitude and longitude seem to be inadvertently displayed, showing high artistic skill. For example, his masterpiece "Passing through the Old Village": Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.
Throughout the narrative, it seems to be homely, which is similar to Tao Yuanming's "Drinking" and other poems, but Tao wrote ancient style, but this poem is close to it. The couplet "We see green trees around your village, and the mountains in the distance are light blue" makes the finishing point to outline the typical environment of a village surrounded by green mountains and trees. There is also a five-line poem "Spring Dawn" that women and children can recite, which is also a subtle feeling of cherishing spring in natural language.
In addition, Meng Haoran often breaks through the limitation of the inherent formula in the use of poetic style, which makes him have a different interest. For example, in the poem "Looking at the boat in the middle", the flat and parallel tones are all in pentatonic format, but China's couplets are not parallel prose, which is full of ancient charm. Hu Yinglin's "Poems for Poetry" holds that such poems are "naturally short and ancient in the Six Dynasties, and if they rhyme, they will feel detached." Another example is going back to Lumen Mountain in the evening: the bell in the temple of the mountain rang the night, and I heard people in the fishing city hobbling on the ferry. People walked along the shore to Jiangcun village, and I also returned to Lumen by boat. The moonlight at the deer gate made the mountain tree appear, and I suddenly came to the seclusion of exile. Thatched doors, pine paths, loneliness and silence, only you come and go at night.
This is a poem full of poetic style, but the whole article only writes down the mental journey of returning home at night and introduces Meng Haoran, without extravagance. The scale of his writing system is similar to that of modern poetry, which absorbs the concise language of modern poetry and highlights the sentence structure of chorus, which is quite exciting to read.
These are different from the ancient body and full of free and easy feelings, which is also one of the manifestations of Meng's creation.
Wang Meng's school of poetry
The school of poetry represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is also called "Wang Meng Poetry School". This school combines the poems of Tao Yuanming and Xie (Xie Lingyun, Xie Tiao), with pastoral scenery and secluded life as the main themes, and its style dilutes nature. Other important poets of this school include Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong and Pei Di.
Wang Wei, Chinese characters and strokes. Hedong people. Painting and calligraphy. My brother and I are both very talented. Kaiyuan nine years. Jinshi Zhuo Di's music is too cheerful. Tired of sitting, I joined the army and became a shopkeeper in Jeju. Li right picks up bones, supervises remonstrances, fills vacancies on the left, and is also the treasurer. Worship the official department card shark. The end of tianbao. To give something. An Lushan is trapped in two capitals. Wei is what thieves get. Give yang medicine. Detained in Bordet. Lushan banquet concentrated Bichi. Qian Wei wrote a poem to mourn, and he heard it in action. Thief ping. Third-class conviction of thief and official. Tehara. Responsible for awarding prince Zhongyun. Transfer to middle school, middle school, middle school. Thanks again. Go to Shangshu Youcheng. Wei is famous for his poems Kaiyuan and Tianbao. The door of kings, Xu,. All the people greeted them. Song Wenzhi Wangchuan Villa. Mountains and rivers are absolutely victorious. With Taoist friend Pei Di. Honest communication. Play the piano and write poems. Whispering all day. Devote oneself to being a Buddha. The dragon borrowed Zen in his later years. One day. I suddenly want to write a book and calculate a paper. No brothers, no lifelong relatives. Abandon the pen and die. To the secretary in charge. Bao Yingzhong. Dai zhong asked. I often sit in the music played by Wen Wei for the king. Today's geometry. Collect six volumes of poetry. Four volumes. On the table. Answer the cloud. The qingbo family ranks first. The name is Dai. The reverse line is elegant. Chu's long speech. Poets return to beauty. Catalog. Sigh deeply. Yin [dorri] said that Uygur poetry is beautiful and elegant. The meaning is new and rational. Become a pearl in spring. Draw on the wall. Su Shi is also a cloud. There are pictures in Uygur poems. There are poems in the painting. Meng Haoran's poems got rid of the narrow realm of chanting things in Lu and Tang Dynasties, expressed more personal hugs, brought fresh breath to Kaiyuan poetry circle and won the admiration of people at that time. Li Bai called him "the mountain, how I long to reach you" and "each other" with praise. Wang Wei once painted himself in Yunzhou Cishi Pavilion, which was later called "Meng Pavilion". Meng Haoran was famous both before and after his death. Meng Haoran was the first poet who wrote landscape poems in the Tang Dynasty and the forerunner of Wang Wei. His travels are vividly described, and Dongting Lake's letter to Premier Zhang is magnificent.