The concept of "Bixing" belongs to the category of "poetry" in the field of Chinese classical literary theory. Please see below the role of the rhetorical technique of Bixing I brought! The role of Bixing's rhetorical techniques 1
1. Two techniques in literary creation. Bi is a metaphor, Xing is sustenance. The two methods of comparison and xing have a long history in Chinese poetry creation and have been used since the "Book of Songs". Confucian poetry theory classifies Bixing into two types: Feng, Fu, Bi, Xing, Ya, and Song. Zheng Xuan said: "Comparison" means "seeing the current mistakes, not daring to criticize, but using analogies to express words." "Xing" means to see the beauty of today and to dislike flattery. Take good deeds and use metaphors to persuade them" (see the notes of "Zhou Li, Chun Guan Zong Bo, Master"). Explain by linking Bixing and Meixi. In ancient times, the method of Bixing was mostly used in old-style poetry and folk songs, and in general literature It is rarely used or not used in works.
"Bi" and "Xing" are commonly used techniques in ancient Chinese poetry. In addition to poetry, modern prose and novels also use the so-called "Bi" technique. According to Zhu Xi's explanation, "comparing other things to this thing" is actually a metaphor. It uses concrete things to compare with the things to be written, making it vivid, vivid and concrete. "Other things can cause the words to be chanted." The use of image thinking in poetry is inseparable from the two methods of comparison and Xing. Therefore, comparison and Xing constitute two techniques of poetry.
2. Refers to the creation of poetry. Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty wrote a poem in his "Song of Sweet Dew": "It is hard to compare with happiness even if it contains nothing, and there is no color to compare with. "Gu Yanwu of the Qing Dynasty wrote in "A Letter to People": "After the decline of eight generations, we can build a legacy that lasts for thousands of years. It is not clear who will return it! It should not only be a place to hang out and have fun, but also spread the art, and it should be a grand event of elegance. ”
The so-called Fu, Bi, and Xing are the main expression techniques in The Book of Songs. “Fu” means to elaborate, to state things directly without metaphor. “Bi” means to use metaphor to describe something. "Things are compared to other things." "Xing" means to associate, to evoke emotions, and to be inspired by things. This artistic expression method is the main visualization method in poetry creation and has had a profound and far-reaching influence on later generations of poetry creation.
Detailed explanation of Bixing
Bixing
Bixing is one of the three traditional techniques in my country, and metaphor is the most basic technique among them, and it is the most commonly used. It is said that the metaphorical things used for comparison are always more vivid, concrete, clear and familiar to people than the ontological things being compared, making it easier for people to associate and imagine.
For example, Li Bai's "Xuanzhou Xieji". Shu Yun, the school secretary of Lou Qianbie School, said: "Cut the knife to cut off the water, and the water will flow again; raise a cup to eliminate the sorrow, and the sorrow will become even more sorrowful." "Using a knife to cut off the water is a metaphor for raising a cup to relieve sorrow. It is really appropriate and precise, and the witty words are amazing.
Another example is Jiang Jie's "Plum Blossoms Leading to Jingxi Blocking the Snow": "No one in the world is as worried as me. It snows tonight. , there are plum blossoms, which seem to make me sad. "The desolation and loneliness of the melancholy is like the sea of ????home on a snowy night. It is fascinating to savor.
For example, Su Shi's "Shui Tiao Song Tou": "People have joys and sorrows, separation and separation, and the moon waxes and wanes. This matter cannot be completely solved in ancient times. . "Comparing the joys and sorrows of life with the natural phenomena and laws of nature is thought-provoking, enlightening and broad-minded.
For example, the third of "Four Ancient Quatrains" written by Anonymous in the Han Dynasty: "Tudder The silk grows from the wind, and the roots are not cut off. If you are ruthless, you still can’t leave. How can you escape if you are sentimental? "(The meaning: Cuscuta is a ruthless plant, and its roots and stems can still be inseparable; but humans are sentient, how can we separate easily?!) In the poem, the ruthless Cuscuta (a kind of creeping plant) is first described. To affirm, to deny that people who are supposed to be affectionate are separated from each other. Although people are not grass and trees, they are not as good as grass and trees! "Continuous cutting and confusion are the symptoms of separation" ("Wuye Cry"), which uses two states and actions to express the confusion and difficulty of dissolving the sorrow.
Another example is He Zhu's "Ask about leisurely sorrow". How much are they? Yichuan tobacco, the city is full of wind and catkins. "Plums and Yellow Shiyu" ("The Sapphire Case") uses a metaphor to express "idle sorrow" which is boundless, chaotic and endless.
Xu Zaisi's "Only people can love lovesickness, but it hurts lovesickness." The body is like floating clouds, the heart is like flying catkins, and the air is like gossamer threads." (Toad Palace Song: Spring Love), the last three lines are a metaphor for the girl's illness, and it is like seeing the person, as if taking her soul, which is lifelike.
Boyu Yu , sometimes used to describe various aspects of something, and sometimes used specifically to describe the characteristics of a certain aspect of something. Appropriately choosing a vivid and specific thing to compare a certain philosophy of life will give you a sense of philosophy. It leaves a distinct and profound impression on people.
For example, Cao Cao's famous saying: "The old man is in the stable (horse stable), and his ambitions are thousands of miles; the martyrs (people with lofty ideals who are active in making achievements) are ambitious in their old age" ("Gui Sui Shou") ""), it is to tell the story of the old horse idle in the stable and the patriot in his twilight years, so that people can understand the similarities between them.
Another example is "Ancient History" written by Anonymous in the Han Dynasty. "Song": "Growing wheat in high fields will never be stable. How can a man not feel haggard in a foreign country? "Wheat is not suitable for planting in high fields, and it is used to compare that it is not suitable to live in a foreign country for a long time, so that readers can understand the similarities between the two principles.
Xing, let’s talk about it first In terms of characteristics, there are two forms: direct rise and rise, and rise and rise and contrast; in terms of use, there are two forms: rise and rise at the beginning of the chapter and rise and rise and end.
1. Xingzhonghanbi
Xingzhonghanbi means that the starting sentence of "preface other things to evoke the words to be chanted" also contains the metaphor of "comparing that thing to this thing". . Xingzhonghambi is often used at the beginning of poems. The objects used to arouse the mood are not directly related to the theme. They only serve as catalysts and also have a certain meaning of rendering and foreshadowing. But if it is combined with Bi, Xingzhong contains Bi, it will be directly linked to this question. When Xing contains ratio, the meaning in the poem is doubled compared to simply raising Xing or simply using ratio. Xingzhong contains Bi, Xing is the main one, and Bi follows it.
Xingzhonghanbi is often used in poems expressing love, family affection, parting, etc., and often triggers associations from external landscape objects. Judging from the types of phenomena used in Xingzhonghanbi, there are those who use animals and plants as comparisons, and those who use non-biological or natural phenomena as comparisons.
Among the ancient poems since the Book of Songs, many of them are inspired by plants.
For example, the opening line of Du Fu's "Wedding Farewell" goes like this: "Dodder (a creeping herbaceous plant) is covered with flax and leads to vines, so it does not grow. Marrying a girl or recruiting a husband is not as good as cultivating a roadside plant." "The beginning is the rise of "telling something else first to trigger the words to be chanted", and the rise of the sentence also implies the unreliable and short-term metaphor of "marrying a daughter and recruiting a husband". This is Xingzhonghanbi.
Another example is "The Book of Songs·Zhounan·Taoyao": "The peach is young (fresh and tender), and its flowers are burning. The son (still saying 'this person's son') returns (gets married) ), it is suitable (to make... harmonious) for the family (family)! If the peach is born, it will be big and beautiful (the fruit is large and beautiful). In fact, if the son of the peach returns, it is suitable for the family! Ye Zhenzhen (luxuriant appearance). The son has returned, and his family is happy!" This is a song to celebrate the wedding. It may have been sung by the bride's female companion when sending her out. The main meaning of the lyrics is: The fresh peach tree, The flowers bloomed as red as fire. If this girl comes through, she will definitely make the family prosperous! The fresh peach trees are full of fruits and branches. If this girl comes through, she will definitely make the family happy! The fresh peach tree has dense leaves. If this girl comes through, the family will definitely be more prosperous. The three sections of the lyrics all start with the theme "Peach's Yaoyao", and the flowers, fruits, and leaves of the peach are colored and rendered layer by layer. The lyrics contain both metaphors and express many good wishes for the bride to marry. This is also a metaphor for the rise of plants.
Yuefu's "Ancient Yange": "The white rabbit (lonely and helpless) walks east and west. The clothes are not as good as new, and the people are not as good as before." The first two sentences of this poem start with animals. Xing, Xingzhong also contains metaphors. It writes about an abandoned woman who is forced to run away, like a lonely white rabbit, going east but then looking west, still loving her old friend even though she is gone. The last two sentences are to advise old friends to remember the past.
One of the "Longtou Songs" of the Northern Dynasties is: "The flowing water in Longtou (the top of Longshan Mountain) flows away (littering) at the foot of the mountain. Brother Nian is all dressed up, floating in the wilderness." The third one is: "Longtou The sound of flowing water is sobbed. Looking at Qinchuan (Guanzhong) in the distance, my heart is cut off. "The first two sentences of these two poems are inspired by the flowing water in Longtou, and they are also compared with the state and sound of flowing water, which symbolizes wandering and homesickness. A sad mood. Although it is not bad here as a touching scene and a blending of scenes, after all, it is the inspiration of the association generated from this and the other. Because of the combination of excitement and comparison, the first half and the second half are closely connected to form a complete whole. .
There is such a beauty in the combination of xing and xing, and the combination of xing and xing. It can be seen that Fangdong Village's theory of "interesting and comparison" is a bit biased.
Rising and rising knots
Any poem that begins or ends with "touching things to arouse emotion" or "feeling things and moving" is called "rising and rising knots" . It has the function of triggering associations, rendering atmosphere, and mobilizing emotions. In ancient poetry, the word "rising" is more commonly used; the word "xingjie" is relatively less used; while the word "rising" and "xingjie" are sometimes used together in a poem, it is even rarer.
As Du Fu's epic poem "The Wedding Farewell" says: "The dodder is covered with fluff and hemp, and it leads to vines, so it does not grow. It is better to abandon the roadside to marry a daughter and to recruit a husband. If you marry your hair as a wife, your bed will not warm you." Bed. .........Looking up at the birds flying, both big and small will fly. There are many things going wrong (intertwined with unsatisfactory things), and looking at the river!" This is a narrative poem in the form of a poem, which portrays a profound understanding. The image of a righteous bride. The poem begins with the rise of plants and ends with the rise of animals: when a willow sees hundreds of birds flying, both big and small will fly. "Biyiwu associates with farewell people, which is another form of Xingbi. The whole poem goes from "rising" at the beginning to "Xingjie" at the end, with echoes in front and back, and a rigorous structure. An excellent example in an article. The function of Bi Xing's rhetorical device 2
1. Function
"Bi" is a metaphor, which is a metaphor for describing people or things. , to make its characteristics more distinctive. "Xing" means to use other things as the starting point of the poem to evoke the content of the song.
2. Interpretation.
(1) In the six senses, "bi" and "xing" are combined. Bi means to compare something with this thing; " are two expression techniques in the tradition of Chinese classical poetry creation. Liang Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasties: "Therefore, those who compare are attached; those who are inspired, are inspired. Those who follow the logic, refer to things by categories; those who are passionate, use suggestions based on subtleties. Liu Xie of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties said: "The horned dragon is used to symbolize a gentleman, and Yun Ni uses examples to slander evil people, which is similar to the meaning of prosperity."
Liu Zhiji of the Tang Dynasty said: "As articles have been written in the past, comparisons are born." Birds and beasts are comparable to the wise and foolish, and grass and trees are comparable to men and women. Poets and poets are ready to speak. "Liu Zhiji of the Tang Dynasty said: "However, since ancient times, people have set up comparisons, and those who use plants and trees to compare people are all based on their good and evil, fragrance, glory and withering, and purity and crispness. "See, Song Dynasty.
(2) Refers to the creation of poetry. Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty wrote a poem: "It is hard to compare with happiness, and it is colorless. "Yu Ren Shu" of the Qing Dynasty: "After the decline of eight generations, but to build a legacy for a long time, it is not clear who will return it!" It should not only be a place to hang out and have fun, but also spread the art, and it should be a grand event of elegance. "
3. Origin and development
Bixing technique first appeared in "The Book of Songs". The first chapter of "Guan Ju" contains "Guan Guan Ju Jiu, in the river continent. The sentence "A fair lady, a gentleman likes to be a wife" uses the harmonious singing of birds on the river island to suggest that a lady is a good spouse for a gentleman, and there are some connections in meaning and atmosphere between the two, which are close to comparison; another example is " The third chapter of "Meng" starts with a traditional beginning, writing "The mulberry trees have not yet fallen, and their leaves are as thick as they are." First, he uses the lush and lush mulberry trees to describe his youth, and then uses the alluring mulberries as a metaphor for intoxicating love. The girl in love is compared to a gluttonous and happy bird, and she is warned earnestly: not to indulge in love, otherwise, the ending will be tragic and regret will be too late. The fourth chapter follows the previous section and begins with "The mulberry tree has fallen. "Yellow and fall", using the withering and withering of trees to compare the youth that has been taken away by the passing years. The once radiant girl has lost her beautiful face in the years. In addition, after living in poverty for a long time after marriage, the fate of being abandoned is natural at this time. The third and fourth chapters use Qi Xing's poems to compare the changes in the heroine's love life with natural phenomena. The poems from Qi Xing lead to poems expressing her emotional life, in order to express the heroine's dislike of the new and old behavior of her husband. In the last chapter, "Qi means shore, Xi means pan" to describe the boundless misfortune. "Xi" refers to the humid place that can be seen everywhere, and "Qi" refers to the pre-marriage tryst between the heroine and the gangster. The river that must be passed through when getting married and after being abandoned is used as a comparison, which is very appropriate and profound. This not only stimulates the reader's association, but also enhances the meaning, producing a vivid and poetic artistic effect.