Gu Yanwu (1613-1682) was a Han nationality and a native of Kunshan County, Suzhou Prefecture (now Kunshan, Jiangsu Province). His original name was Jiang and his courtesy name was Zhongqing. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, he changed his name to Yanwu, with the courtesy name Ningren, and also signed himself as a servant of Jiang Shan. He is respectfully called Mr. Tinglin. A famous thinker, historian and linguist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He participated in the anti-Qing struggle and later devoted himself to academic research. In his later years, he focused on the textual research of Confucian classics and the study of ancient pronunciation, which was divided into 10 ancient rhymes. The author of "Rizhilu", "Five Books on Phonetics", etc., he was the founder of ancient rhyme studies in the Qing Dynasty and made numerous achievements; he also contributed to Qie Yun studies, but not as much as he contributed to ancient rhymes studies.
The most significant feature of Gu Tinglin's academic work is that it contradicts the idealist metaphysics of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, and emphasizes objective investigation and research, creating a new trend for a generation. To save the world, what’s the use of just poetry and seal cutting?”
Gu Tinglin emphasized that learning must first establish character: “Rites, justice, integrity, and shame are the four dimensions.” He advocated that “the rise and fall of the world depends on everyone.” Responsible". Volume 13 of "Rizhilu" "Zhengshi": "Those who protect the world are so humble as ordinary people, how can they be held responsible?" Liu Rushi (1618-1664)
My surname is Yang, and my name is Ying. Lian changed his surname to Liu and his given name to Yin. Later she was renamed Shi, also known as Hedongjun, also known as Miwujun. She was a native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. She was sold to the famous prostitute Xu Fo's family in Shengze when she was young and became an adopted daughter. Educated by Xu, Liu's poems are good at seven-character style, subtitles and step rhymes, and he has the calligraphy techniques of Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang. When he was a little older, he lived in a brothel. It is the first of the eight beauties of Qinhuai. In Songjiang, with her peerless talent and beauty, she interacted with members of the Fushe, Jishe, and Donglin parties. She often wore Confucian men's clothing, talked about current affairs with various literati, and sang poems. In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1641), Qian Qianyi, the leader of Donglin and Changshu, and Liu Rushu became friends with the Qin and Jin Dynasties (Qian Qianyi was already sixty years old that year). The two lived together in Jiangyun Tower and enjoyed each other's reading and discussing poetry. Qian jokingly called Liu Ru "Liu Rushi". When the Ming Dynasty died, Liu persuaded Qian to die for the festival and choose one of three ways to die: knife, rope, or water. Qian looked troubled, so he jumped into the lotus pond and attempted suicide. After Qian Qianyi surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he was expelled back to his hometown due to suspicion and died of depression. The Qian family took the opportunity to demand money from Liu Rushi, who then committed suicide. Guizhuang (1613～1673) was a writer in the early Qing Dynasty. His name was Zuoming, also named Erli, also named Xuangong, and given the nickname Hengxuan. A native of Kunshan (now part of Jiangsu). The great-grandson of Gui Youguang, a Ming Dynasty essayist. At the age of 17, he and Gu Yanwu joined the Fushe Society. The Qing soldiers went south to participate in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty. After the failure, they fled to become monks. In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), at the invitation of Wannian Shao, he went to Huaiyin to teach, and secretly contacted Gu Yanwu to fight against the Qing Dynasty. After dying ten thousand years young, he returned to Kunshan to live in seclusion, selling calligraphy and paintings for a living, and not being an official. Pretending to be mad and angry at the world, he traveled to famous mountains and rivers, paying homage to the present and the past, often crying. He was as famous as Gu Yanwu, a fellow countryman, because he was known as "returning to the strange and looking for the strange".
Guizhuang's poems and essays are mainly about opposing the rule of the Qing Dynasty and being full of national integrity. Some of the poems are simple, clear and express one's heart, such as "Twelve Poems of Ancient Meanings", "Fourteen Poems of Bu Ju", "Four Poems of Ji Chou Yuan Ri", "Three Poems of Guantian Family Harvest", etc.; some are neat and elegant, such as "Twelve Chapters of Falling Flower Poems" and "Four More Falling Flower Poems". Wu Weiye commented on his "Twelve Chapters of Falling Flower Poems": "It is flowing, beautiful and profound, and it has the purpose of sustenance and the preparation of the body." Song Wan commented: "With Lei Luoqi's talent, he wrote graceful and graceful words, which inspired the gathering. He still has the qualities of a hero. "(See the appendix of "Guizhuang Collection") The prose is also vigorous and full of strong emotions, such as "Preface to Farewell to Gu Ningren's Journey to the North", "After the Complete Works of Shuxian Taipu", "Book of Ouyang Gong". "Long Gang Qian Biao Hou", "Jingting Shanfang Ji", "The Biography of the Two Martyrs of the Gui Family", "The Biography of Liang Gujun Dahong and Zhongxiong", "The Biography of Yang Zhonglie", "The Robbery of Shuyi", etc. Can be represented. There is also a piece of "Eternal Sorrow" written in Guizhuang, which comments on the historical events of the past dynasties, mourns the demise of the Ming Dynasty, rebukes the officials of the Ming Dynasty for harming the country, expresses his ambition to live in seclusion, and is famous for his ability to laugh and curse.