The peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty broke out in the northern Shaanxi uprising in the seventh year of the apocalypse in the late Ming Dynasty (1627) and completely failed in the fifteenth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1658). Also known as the peasant war, the uprising and the uprising in the late Ming Dynasty.
Natural disasters continue.
The climate of China began in the17th century, when the Ming Dynasty was in the Little Ice Age. From the end of Wanli to the apocalypse, the climate in China became obviously cold, and sandstorms accumulated in the north. The drought has worsened year by year, and the agricultural harvest has dropped sharply.
At the same time, the temperature in the Central Plains and the rainfall in the northern agricultural and pastoral areas have reached the lowest point since the Qin and Han Dynasties. The whole late Ming Dynasty was always accompanied by drought, cold current, locust plague, flood, plague, plague and so on. Since then, the climate in the Central Plains has continued to decline, and the world has been in chaos.
political corruption
Class oppression and class contradiction
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, all kinds of social contradictions intensified unprecedentedly, especially the class contradiction between farmers and landlords. The one built by He Zhu in Luoyang cost 282,000 silver.
When Zhu was a vassal, he also got 40,000 hectares of fertile land from Emperor Wanli. Zhu is very dissatisfied. He competed with the people in Luoyang for profit, and the people were unwilling to give money to help during the famine.
Under the oppression of the decadent feudal landlord class, resistance struggles broke out all over the country. For example, in 1588, tens of thousands of peasant uprisings led by Liu broke out in today's border areas of Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei;
1589, Li Yuanlang and Wang Zilong revolted in Shixing and Wengyuan, Guangdong;
1599, 1604, 1606, 1622, large-scale riots occurred in Zhejiang, Fujian, Nanjing, Shandong and other places.
1627, the hungry people rioted in Chengxian County, northern Shaanxi Province, which started the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty with Li Zicheng's participation and leadership. Shaanxi became the center of peasant uprising.
Strict taxation and land annexation
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the national finance went bankrupt, the tax revenue increased, Taicang silver was continuously extracted for its own enjoyment, and even the Tibetan silver in foreign vaults was imported into the household department, which led to the national finance's internal and external troubles and faced bankruptcy.
In order to cope with the increasing military expenditure, the imperial court kept increasing taxes. In the name of collecting mineral taxes, the ruling class of the Ming Dynasty sent a large number of mineral tax supervisors all over the country to extort and plunder the people. It has increased the burden on the people and accelerated the intensification of class contradictions.
From the royal family to the official gentry landlords, land annexation has intensified, and they rely on the political power to occupy a large number of official land and private land. The emperor built many royal buildings in Gifford.
Imperial clan princes, eunuchs and eunuchs also occupied large areas of land across Yuefu county by begging and accepting donations, becoming the largest occupier in the country.
Defects in organizational system
The apparent reason for the outbreak of peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty lies in the rapid development of commodity economy and the sharp increase of exploitation, the contradiction between peasants and landlords, the contradiction between social strata and feudal rulers, and the intensification of factions, which intensified the contradiction.
The deep-seated contradiction lies in the eunuch system and tax system in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.
Corruption in the military system
Later, the disadvantages of the military camp system of the wasteland system were exposed. First, it is to deduct wages. In the late Ming Dynasty, it was extremely common for generals to deduct the salaries of their foot soldiers. They used their income to lead a decadent life, bribed Ministry of War officials, and watched eunuchs, Jigong Shi Yu and others to seek promotion or impunity.
Secondly, the army's wasteland is occupied by officers, strongmen and internal supervisors, which makes the army lose its food source, which determines that the contradiction between the people occupying the military field and the foot soldiers will inevitably intensify, and there are many frictions at ordinary times, and it is even more impossible to go up and down Qi Xin in wartime;
The third is military discipline corruption. An important manifestation of military discipline corruption is "killing good people for credit", so government forces often kill unarmed civilians indiscriminately.
According to historical records, "today's officers and men rob merchants, search houses, prostitutes and burn houses in the name of grain production." Villains are more afraid of soldiers than thieves. " ; Fourth, the mutiny in the late Ming Dynasty was an important manifestation of the ruling crisis.
Since Wanli, military mutinies have been heard from time to time because of insufficient pay.
During the Apocalypse, there were mutinies in Funing and Hangchow, and there was also a mutiny in yutian county, Hebei Province to help the Liao army.
Reform mistakes
In the middle and late Ming dynasty, with the overall corruption of official management, there were many disadvantages in the post-delivery system. When officials travel on the highway, they ask the post station to provide more materials than they actually need, and the extra part is converted into money and put into their pockets, thus increasing the burden on the post station staff.
Later, "under the auspices of Liu Mao, the court promulgated new regulations on the use of postal delivery and announced the reduction of postal delivery funds."
With the decrease of the funds of the post station, the phenomenon of the death of the post man's belly and post horse is becoming more and more serious.
A large number of able-bodied men who used to make a living by postal delivery were forced to flee, and a considerable number of them joined the peasant uprising.