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In the Han Dynasty, poems sung to match music appeared, namely "Yuefu poems". In terms of language, there are four-character, five-character, and miscellaneous words, but most of them are five-character. After that, literati led by Cao Cao and his son and Tao Yuanming developed five-character poetry. At the same time, seven-character poetry has also developed greatly. The representative works of Yuefu poems "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Mo Shang Sang" have great literary value in the history of poetry.
The Han and Wei dynasties were important transition periods in the history of Chinese culture. The late Han (late), Wei and Six dynasties were politically a chaotic and dark period in Chinese history, but they were very important in the history of thought, culture and art, and their influence has been far-reaching and reaches today.
Before the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rhythm and rhyme of poetry had not yet formed a rule that everyone abided by. It was only up to the author to write according to his personal content needs and feeling of rhyme. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the influence of Sanskrit phonetics from India (anciently known as Tianzhu), my country's phonology has developed. Zhou Zhe and Shen Yue of Qi Liang summarized the pronunciation rules of Chinese characters and put forward the theories of "four tones" and "eight diseases", which enabled poetry creation to develop from natural rhythm to the pursuit of rhythm. There was a need to pay attention to level and obliqueness in poetry writing. and the nature of rhyme form the main content of metrical poetry.
When talking about the poetics of Han and Wei dynasties, we have to mention Jian’an literature. The main representatives of Jian'an literary achievements are the three Cao father and son brothers, as well as Kong Rong, Wang Can, Liu Zhen, Ruan Yu, Xu Qian, Chen Lin, Ying Yang, etc. These people are called the "Seven Sons of Jian'an". Later generations called this period "the end of the Han sound and the revitalization of the Wei sound". It marked the end of the literary style of the Han Dynasty and created a new literary era. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote a poem praising "Penglai Articles and Jian'an Bones". For a long time after Confucius, Chinese literature advocated rationality and focused on reasoning and narrative. Therefore, there were sayings that "poetry expresses ambition" and "articles convey Tao", which became Tradition. However, during the Three Kingdoms period, the idea of ??"Yuanqing" appeared, which was mentioned together with "Yanzhi". "Yuanqing" is roughly equivalent to what we call lyricism today. Facing the Jieshi to the east to view the sea", Cao Pi's "The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cool, the grass and trees are shaking and the dew turns to frost", etc., are such poems.
In addition to Jian'an poetry, there is another inheritance in Han and Wei poetics The poetry genre of "The Sound of Folk Natural Temperament" in "Poetic Style" is "Han and Wei Yuefu". Following "The Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci", the Yuefu poetry of the Han Dynasty has become another magnificent landscape in the history of ancient Chinese poetry. The new poetic style shows strong vitality. With its ingenious title proposition, superb narrative skills, and flexible and diverse system, Han Yuefu has become a new model of ancient Chinese poetry. "Ancient Song"; "Shangxie", which reveals a woman's loyalty to love; "Far Altair", which has a neat form and beautiful and meaningful words; and "Altair", a narrative folk song with twists and turns, distinctive characters and bright and concise words. "Mo Shang Mulang" and "Peacock Flying Southeast"
Influenced by the Yuefu of the Han Dynasty, the poetics of the Han and Wei Dynasties experienced a transition from narrative to lyricism, and from imitating folk songs to the author's original creation. "Nine Poems" was written by literati in the Han Dynasty, and the creation of Jian'an literature completed the transformation of Yuefu folk songs into literati poetry.
In addition, Chinese traditional poetry also entered the ranks of elegant literature. It is generally believed that the development of poetry from "four-character poems" with four characters and one sentence to "five-character" and "seven-character" poems with five characters or seven characters and one sentence that are still popular today is also established during the Han and Wei dynasties. Cao Cao's four-character poems such as "Viewing the Sea" and "The Turtle Lives Longevity" are the "highest works" of poetry of the previous generation. That is to say, among the four-character poems, they appear last but are the best works. However, Cao Pi's "Yan" The flexible and free seven-character poem "Song Xing" created a new era for the later seven-character verse.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, its poetry produced a special "Wei and Jin style". There are wild behaviors such as "binge drinking" and "exhibition", as well as peculiar customs such as "talking in peace", "reclusiveness", and "imitation of ancient times", as well as mixed thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. In addition to "Yuanqing", poetry has also produced different poetry schools such as "Landscape", "Pastoral" and "Xuanyan"; in terms of poetic style, the mainstream of natural, fresh and clear appears; in terms of form, it is * ** tend to the neatness of five or seven words, and then form a complete and strict rhythm.
3. The style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty
If the history of the evolution of Chinese poetry is compared to nine. The Quhuang River, at its origin, is like melting snow, bit by bit, and then it is like a light stream flowing down the ground, flowing freely and flexibly. Finally, it entered a bay during the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, absorbing other sources and accumulating money. The energy was overwhelming and powerful. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it suddenly transformed into a waterfall with great momentum and endless momentum, and it entered a new world.
The status and influence of Tang poetry in the history of Chinese poetry cannot be overestimated. Lu Xun replied to Yang Jiyun and Han Rui: "I think all good poems were completed by the Tang Dynasty. From now on, if you can't translate the 'Great Sage Qitian' in the palm of the Tathagata, you don't have to do it." ("Collected Letters of Lu Xun"
The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of Chinese poetry. In about 300 years, nearly 50,000 poems were handed down, which was more than twice as many as the poems left over from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties in more than 1,600 years.
Tang poetry is rich in content and diverse in style. The poetry of the great poets Li Bai and Du Fu has the highest achievements and reached the peak of poetry creation. It is beyond the reach of later generations of poets and heroes. This is a treasure of Chinese poetry and a monument of Chinese poetry!
Chen Ziang theoretically put forward two propositions: character and character. Chen Ziang's poems clearly express his theory, both in positive and negative aspects. They are all five-character ancient poems in form, and their content is multifaceted and very rich. What Chen Ziang pursues is character. Zhang Ruoxu, who was roughly at the same time as him, pursues brightness and purity in his creations. His song "Spring River with Flowers and Moonlight Night" reaches the extreme of purity and beauty. Wen Yiduo summarized "Spring River Flower Moonlight Night" in "The Self-Redemption of Palace Style Poetry" and said: "Forward, he atones for the sins of a hundred years for palace style poetry. Therefore, backward, he divides labor and cooperates with another peak, Chen Zi'ang, to clear up the sins. The road to the prosperous Tang Dynasty."
After the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, national power declined from prosperity, and the style of poetry was also affected by this. Such as the lonely and lonely Dali poetry style. Since then, poets have focused on innovation and created a large number of highly innovative poems in various styles. The Han and Mencius schools of poetry are particularly popular, and their representatives include Han Yu, who "has been in decline for eight generations since the beginning of literature, and has been poor in Taoism in ancient and modern times." Han Yu was committed to poetry innovation and advocated "result in injustice". Mr. Chen Yinge said that his poems "have the beauty of poetry, the smoothness of complex prose, the unity of rhyme and prose, and the unity of poetry and prose."
At the same time as the Han and Meng poetry schools, the poetry world of the Mid-Tang Dynasty rose again. The Yuan-Bai School of Poetry represented by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. This school of poets emphasizes realism and popularization. Although the two go in opposite directions, they are both innovations in essence. Although they take different paths, they end up in the same direction.
In the late Tang Dynasty, society was in decline and politics was dark. A number of outstanding poets emerged in the poetry world. Such as Du Mu, Jia Dao, Hermit Poems, etc. The master of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty was Li Shangyin. Li's poems are beautiful but not overwhelming, poignant and harmonious, with beautiful moods and hazy images. The most outstanding thing is his untitled love poems.
Tang poetry is a way of survival and competition for the Tang people, and it is also a way of thinking for the Tang people. They describe things in a romantic way, or express tortuous and subtle emotions, simply using poetry as a language, and they can do it at their fingertips. There are many works that study the reasons for the prosperity of Tang poetry. However, in addition to the "reflection theory" based on economics and politics, we seem to pay more attention to the cultural reasons. When we talk about "Tang poetry", we should not leave "Tang style".
4. The low point of poetry
“The extremely gorgeous and dull.” is the most appropriate portrayal of the poetry of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties after the prosperous Tang Dynasty. As poetry reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, its status in the literary world gradually declined. The originally arrogant torrent of poetry changed into a well-behaved, peaceful and docile one.
After the heyday of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, feudal society gradually developed to its peak in the vast history of China.