In the following 800 years, there were political and military conflicts between Arabs and Spaniards, but there were also complex cultural entanglements.
Because of the Arab invasion, Christians who fled to the northern mountainous areas quickly organized. In less than 25 years, several Catholic principalities built a series of fortresses in the north to fight against Arab monarchs. Although this line of defense is fragile, it maintains the symbolic existence of the Catholic kingdom.
However, decades later, Arabs began to deal with the crisis of dynasty change. Aboudrahamane, the new ruler, settled in Cordoba, declared independence and no longer belonged to the Islamic Empire. The original Arab conquerors once built a mosque here, which is located in the Christian Saint Vincent Church. The hall is divided into two parts, half for Catholics and half for Muslims. This Aboudrahamane bought half of the Catholic church with a large sum of money and rebuilt a mosque in line with the identity of the caliph on the original site. However, the outline of the original church was still used, but the back hall was changed into a wall room, the steeple replaced the bell tower, the columns came from Christian Africa, the slate was chiseled by Byzantine craftsmen, and the masons captured it from the north. Historians have found that mosques exude an atmosphere more like Jewish rational philosophy. The mixed nature of this building is still respected in the reconstruction of Spanish Catholicism after the recovery. The architect in charge of reconstruction did not tear down all mosques, but built a new church on its basis. Nevertheless, Spanish King Charles V accused him: "What you built can be built elsewhere, but what you destroyed is unique in the world."
Aboudrahamane II not only continued to compete with the Islamic Empire politically, but also conquered Spain with literature and music and changed their character. By Aboudrahamane III, almost all Arab cultures had been transplanted to Spain. At that time, universities were established in Có rdoba, Toledo, Seville, Malaga and Granada. Spanish scholars and students can study in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Persia and even Central Asia, and some oriental scholars give lectures in Spain. There are 70 libraries in Có rdoba alone.
Since the Arabs settled in Spain, the area they occupied has never gone deep into the end. Even though they sometimes invaded the north and northeast, they never stopped Christianity from establishing a series of small kingdoms in these areas. During the Rahman dynasty, there were disputes between small Christian kingdoms. King Castilla couldn't beat his opponent and even turned to Rahman for help. Rahman will also help him regain the throne on condition that he gets 10 castles. Rahman also adopted the same strategy in Muslim internal disputes. Jews who came to Spain earlier than Arabs have been caught in the cracks of war, and their influence has been infiltrated in the cultural integration.
In the 10 century, with the passage of time, there are fewer and fewer real Arabs. This process of racial dilution was originally caused by the gap between the Moors and the Arab monarchs who recently changed their religious beliefs. They are indifferent to religious issues, but more concerned about the interests of dividing up Spanish land. The Arabs got the fertile land of Andalusia and Aragon, and the Moors got the dry plateau and desert area of Castilla. This distribution of benefits angered the Moors who took the lead in setting foot on the Spanish coast and urged them to form cooperation with the local Christian residents. Cooperation and intermarriage contributed to the racial integration of some Moors and Spaniards. The better criterion for distinguishing Spaniards from Arabs is no longer race, but the difference between Christianity and Muslims. During the reign of the Arab monarch in Cordoba, Christians were relatively tolerant of Christianity. As long as you don't ring the bell, organize a ceremonial team and pay taxes according to regulations, you can live in peace with Muslims. Some of them are either out of professional needs or not religious enough, and there is even a fashion among educated young people. On the one hand, they adhere to Christianity, on the other hand, they appreciate Arabic culture.
It can be seen that the contradiction lies not in morality and customs, but in the world outlook related to the concept of God. Historians have analyzed that "the birth of Spanish/Arabic culture is not conducive to maintaining Catholic orthodoxy". Spain's racial mixture and political boundaries have changed from time to time, but there is a religious spiritual barrier that has never been allowed, which is also the driving force of the Christian revival movement that has been going on with Arab rule. Under the attack of the retrocession movement and Muslims in North Africa, the provinces of Có rdoba dynasty gradually broke away from the dynasty and demanded independence. 103 1 year, the caliph was deposed, and there was no Arab dynasty in Spain. The retrocession movement used the division of Arabs to further expand its territory. In the following 300 years, with the incredible cannibalism and political marriage, the Christian kingdoms merged with each other, forming two kingdoms, Castilla and Aragon. By the14th century, almost all of Spain was controlled by the Christian kingdom, and Muslim rule was reduced to the independent kingdom of Granada. The most successful political marriage was to reclaim the Catholic king of Granada. Ferdinand, Prince of Aragon, and Isabel, the future queen of Castile, got married in 1469, and their marriage dramatically confirmed the desire to unify Spain. The reunification of the political power and the 800-year multicultural immersion have irrevocably left Spain with mixed colors.
Mixed colors are strongest in Andalusia in southern Spain, which is the frontier of religious conflict and integration, and is famous for passion and conflict, love and death in history. The language that can best express this temperament is Flamengo.
On May 24th, as a project of Spanish Culture Year, the performance of "Impression Tour of Flamengo" will also stimulate the imagination of China audience to Spain. Today's flamenco has been staged, but the dancer's lonely and vicissitudes of eyes, stubborn passion, singer's frowning brows and rough timbre still retain the rhythm of the era of flamenco's origin. In musical style, flamenco music is a mixture of melancholy and enthusiasm.
After the unification of Spain, the crusade movement in Christian countries has never stopped, and the religious war in Spain has also continued. During the war, many Jews and Arabs converted, and a large number of Gypsies who entered Spain were asked to change their way of life. Many people fled to remote mountainous areas in order to escape the war, and told their lives with songs, dance steps and musical instruments in the difficult life. The researchers analyzed that Flamengo was made up of Vellage and Gu Men. The origin of this word shows that it is the creation of wandering farmers. Some analysts also said that Gypsies were the creators of Flamengo, and they were brought to Andalusia through Egypt and North Africa. Gypsies tell their tragic situation and their free and happy nature with mysterious and stubborn beats. Because of the Indian rhythm and gypsy costumes. Even if it is not the oriental color brought by gypsies, Spain, especially the people in southern Spain, has infiltrated the imprint of the East. In Flamengo, this is reflected in Moorish music, even Jewish and Byzantine musical elements. The contradiction between pain and joy in Flamengo may be the internal contradiction experienced by Spaniards in the conflict and integration of different cultures. This contradiction between love and hate, purity and evil, happiness and pain, indulgence and convergence, sweetness and bitterness has grown into an unspeakable mystery and arrogance. There is also an analysis that Tatimelese dance originated from African hedonism. Dancers came by boat in Rome and won the double reputation of exquisite dancing and lewdness. Later, after the baptism of Byzantine etiquette hymns, the oriental color in flamenco dance was promoted, and the elements of repeated rap were added to Muslim culture, which constituted a way to fully release emotions. 1 1 century, under the influence of Andalusian folk music full of southern flavor, flamenco dance music was formally formed.
No matter what nationality it comes from, it must have originated in Andalusia, Spain, and it must have come from a person in a contradictory situation. By the middle of18th century, when flamenco was popular in Andalusia, the upper class still refused it, until a musician wrote a one-act play "Tonatia" with gypsy poems and melodies, and the situation changed. Flamengo's musical form is called palos, and there are about 60 kinds. Each palos represents a specific emotion and has lyrics that match this emotion. It is said that Soglia's musical form, which expresses loneliness, is the cornerstone of Flamengo's music. It expresses tragic feelings and describes dark things. Flamengo has a word called duende, which means the soul of a singer. A Spanish poet said that Duane can only appear in "the place where the last blood of the soul is scattered". Although it is now appreciated by the whole world, how many people can understand its complexity and emotional depth? Therefore, it is understandable that experts say that the best flamenco is not a professional actor and the best dancer is not a young girl.
But the Basque country in the north doesn't dance flamenco, and Barcelona people in Catalonia don't dance flamenco. They danced "Salda Na", which is a group dance related to national awakening. After 800 years of Arab rule, Spain has never been completely assimilated. After defeating Muslims, the northern Christian knights won the title of the best warrior in Europe, and the knight, a symbol of aristocratic status and backbone, was given a very high ethical status. In the north of central Spain, there are a series of castles scattered. The place name of Castilla is transformed from castles, and there are more than 200 castles recorded, which are also the remains of a long war.
History has gone, Muslims have gone, and the knights who adhered to Christian ethics in the war left scrolls of Don Quixote and silent castles for readers to imagine and visit. However, the historical genes flowing in flamenco in Andalusia are still continuing, which gives Spain a complex emotional way different from other places and gives us an imagination about Spain. ■