[1] A writer, philosopher, essayist and thinker in the Tang Dynasty, together with Han Yu, advocated the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty and was called "Liu Han". Also known as "Liu Liu" with Liu Yuxi. Also known as "Wang Meng" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. Together with Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Tang Dynasty, they are called "eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Tang Daizong was born in Chang 'an, Kyoto (now Xi, Shaanxi) in the eighth year of Dali (773). Liu Zongyuan was born in an official's family, but he was not talented and ambitious in his early years. In his early years, he was a scholar in the exam, and his writings were mainly flowery rhetoric. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he entered the learned poetry class and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. He was a lieutenant in Lantian, then became an official in the DPRK, actively participated in the political reform of Wang Group, and was transferred to Danielle as foreign minister. In September of Yongzhenyuan (805), the innovation failed, and the history of Shaozhou fell. 1 1 month, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima (now in Lingling District, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). During this period, he wrote the famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou (Travel Notes at the Beginning of the Western Hills Banquet, Cobalt Pool Story, Cobalt Pool Western Hills Story, Xiaoshitang). Yuan He returned to the capital in the spring of the 10th year of Yuan He (8 15), and was soon demoted as the secretariat of Liuzhou with outstanding achievements. Xian Zongyuan died in Liuzhou on the eighth day of November in the 14th year (819165438+1October 28th). He is very friendly. Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi are his good friends. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements in writing were greater than poems. Most of his poems express depression, grief, homesickness and friendship, and are deep and gloomy, forming their own family. What is most praised by the world are those leisurely and meaningful, simple and clean landscapes. Nearly a hundred parallel essays, argumentative essays, sharp and ironic. Travel notes about mountains and rivers are entrusted to many places. Philosophical works include Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and Feudalism. Liu Yuxi preserved and sorted out Liu Zongyuan's works in the Tang Dynasty. And Liu Hedong Ji and Liu Zongyuan Ji.
The social status of the family
In the Northern Dynasties, Liu was a famous scholar-bureaucrat, and he was also called "Hedong Three Surnames" with Xue and Pei. Liu Zongyuan once proudly said: "The division of Liu nationality is higher in the north. The bust of world leader Liu Zongyuan is full of stones.
[2] Hou. "Liu Zongyuan's eight sai-jo to six sai-jo are court officials, and the five sai-jo is the secretariat of four States. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the Liu family had a close relationship with the Li royal family. During the reign alone, 23 members of the Liu family lived in Guanshu at the same time. However, during the Yonghui period, the Liu family was repeatedly persecuted by Wu Zetian. By the time Liu Zongyuan was born, his family had declined, and Liu Zongyuan's great-grandfather and grandfather were only small officials like county magistrates. His father, Jin Ryu, served as a doctor in the last years of Tianbao in Xuanzong, and continued to be an official after the Anshi Rebellion. His official position has been very low. Liu Zongyuan's mother, Lu, was born in the famous Lu family, but her family has declined. She has two daughters and one son, and Liu Zongyuan is the youngest. His two daughters, Cui Shi in Shandong and Shi Pei in Hedong, are both declining old aristocrats. Liu Zongyuan said with emotion that by his generation, Liu had "studied for nothing since May and June". The Anshi Rebellion caused another great impact on the Liu family. During the war, Jin Ryu sent his mother to the King of Wu for refuge, and she and her family fled to Wudi. In the south, it was once hard to make a living, and sometimes there was no salary. Liu Zongyuan's mother often starves herself to feed her children. Liu Zongyuan's family background has made him yearn for the "virtue" and "success" of his ancestors. He often narrates the status and glory of his ancestors in a proud tone, showing his strong desire to revive My Clan and his pursuit of fame.
domestic
Liu, born and died in an unknown year, was born in Hedong (now Yongji West, Shanxi). Poets in Tang Dynasty. He is the same clan as Liu Zongyuan, a famous scholar in the middle Tang Dynasty, and a poetry friend with Li Duan, a ten-gifted scholar in Dali. Xiao is a famous scholar, likes his talent and marries his daughter. He was appointed as Cao Taizu of Hongzhou, but he did not accept it. Liu Zongxuan is the cousin of Liu Zongyuan, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty. He was once mentioned as "fellow traveler, Wu Wuling, Gong Gu, Jade Emperor Zong Xuan, and then a servant, Cui Shi Erxiaosheng, who said that he would forgive himself and serve him." Other details of him are unknown.
Liu Zongyuan's wife and children
Liu Zongyuan married Yang, the wife of the Hong family, and died in 15 (799). Zongyuan was 27 years old. When he was in Yongzhou, Ji Bo, a Mourning Tomb, showed that he had a daughter and a mother who died later. After Zongyuan died in Liuzhou, his friend Liu Yuxi said in the article "Sacrifice to Liu Yuan": "I swear to make Saturday my own son." Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou said: "Zi Hou has two sons, one is Saturday, the other is four years old, and the other is qi zhou. Zi Hou died and was born. " Liu Zongyuan has two sons. But where will you go after Saturday and July? What did you do? There is no record. Liu Zongyuan has two sons and two daughters, the eldest son is Saturday, the second son is Monday and the two daughters are unknown. "Zi Hou has two sons and two people, who are longer than Saturday and began at the age of four; On the seventh day of the season, Houzi was born; Both women are very young. " -Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou
Edit this passage of Liu Zongyuan's life
one's early years
When Liu Zongyuan was born, the "Anshi Rebellion" had just been put down for 20 years. Although the short-lived peace existed for 20 years, the Tang Dynasty had already passed its peaceful and prosperous times and gradually declined. Various social contradictions in the Tang Dynasty developed rapidly, and various social abuses occurred after the mid-Tang Dynasty, such as Fan Liu Zongyuan's inscription and postscript.
[3] Town regime, eunuch dictatorship, factional rivalry and so on are taking shape. Liu Zongyuan's family is a family with strong cultural atmosphere. At the age of four, his father went south, and his mother Lushi led him to live in Jingxi Manor. Lushi is a Buddhist, intelligent, virtuous, knowledgeable and has a certain cultural accomplishment. She taught young Liu Zongyuan to recite fourteen ancient poems. It was his mother's enlightenment education that made Liu Zongyuan interested in knowledge. Lushi is diligent in housekeeping and educating his children. When he fled to the south in his early years, he would rather starve himself than feed his relatives. Later, Liu Zongyuan offended the relegated official, and his mother followed her son to the South Emperor in her later years without complaint. She is a typical wife and mother, who embodies many virtues of ancient women in China. Liu Zongyuan was influenced by his mother's good personality since childhood. In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Jin Ryu went to Jiangxi as an official. After that, Liu Zongyuan went on a business trip with his father and traveled all over the vast area from Changsha in the south to Jiujiang in the north. This experience brought Liu Zongyuan into direct contact with the society and increased his knowledge. From then on, he began to participate in social activities, made many friends, and won the statue of Liu Zongyuan in Yunzhou Park as a gifted scholar and teenager.
People's attention [Note: Liu Yuxi's Preface to the Collection of Mr. Hedong] "Zi Hou has a strange name as a teenager since Zhenyuan." See the appendix of Liu Zongyuan's Collection. Soon, he returned to Chang 'an. Liu Zongyuan spent his childhood in Chang 'an. I have heard and felt about the corruption and incompetence of the imperial court and the social crisis and turmoil. When he was nine years old, that is, the second year of Jianzhong in Tang Dezong (78 1), another large-scale separatist war-Jianzhong Rebellion broke out after Anshi Rebellion. The direct cause of the war was that Li died in Chengde Town, and his son Li, with the support of two other towns in Hebei Province and Liang Chongyi, the envoy of Shannan East Road, made a follow-up attack in an attempt to establish a hereditary tradition in the buffer region. Tang Dezong, who was newly succeeded to the throne, disagreed, so the four towns united against the imperial court. Four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Zongyuan came to Xiakou (now Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province) where his father worked to escape the war. However, as Xiakou is a military stronghold, it has become the target of fierce competition between rebels and government troops in Li Xilie. Liu Zongyuan, who was only 12 years old, also experienced the separatist war in the buffer region at this time. Besides his mother, his father Jin Ryu's personality, knowledge and articles have a more direct influence on Liu Zongyuan. Serina Liu is proficient in Confucian classics. "The group of poems, the politics of books, the straightness, square and macro of the Book of Changes, and the punishment and persuasion in the Spring and Autumn Period are planted inside and written outside, hanging for a while." We can see that he believes in traditional Confucianism, but he is not a pedantic Confucian scholar. He has worked in the county for a long time, and he has some knowledge of the real social situation, and has developed a positive attitude towards life and integrity. He is also good at poetry and prose, and once sang with the famous poet Li Yi at that time. Li Yi admires him very much. Father and mother gave Liu Zongyuan the dual influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which laid the foundation for his later thought of "the integration of Confucianism and Buddhism".
be an official
In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan was admitted to Jinshi, and at the same time, his good friend Liu Yuxi was also admitted to Jinshi. In the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Liu Zongyuan was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school, which was regarded as stepping into the officialdom. This year, he married Yang Ping's daughter in Chang 'an. Two years later, he learned a lot of words and changed it to the orthography of Jixian Temple Academy, which allowed him to read widely and broaden his horizons. At the same time, he began to contact courtiers and bureaucrats, understand the situation of officialdom, care about and participate in politics. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi", praising Yangcheng, a doctor who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on state affairs, and in the second year, he wrote "Debate and Invasion", which showed a strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism. In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Lantian Wei, and two years later, he was transferred back to Chang 'an, where he served as the army supervisor in Li Xing. At that time, he was 3 1 year old and was an official with Han Yu. Although his rank is very low, his authority is no less than that of Shi Yu. Since then, he has made more friends with the upper echelons of officialdom, gained a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, and gradually sprouted a desire for reform. Wang He and Wang Lai's Yong Zhen innovation failed only for half a year, but it was a progressive movement that shook the whole country. The measures taken dealt a blow to the autocratic eunuchs and separatist forces in the buffer region at that time, benefiting the country and the people and conforming to the historical development. Liu Zongyuan and his good friend Liu Yuxi are the core figures of this innovation. They are called "Two Kings Liu Liu". Young Liu Zongyuan had a sharp struggle with eunuchs, aristocratic families and old bureaucrats on the political stage. His innovation and spirit of struggle are very valuable.
In Yongzhou
With the downfall of Shunzong, Xian Zong came to power, and the innovation failed, the reformists such as "Two Kings Liu Liu" were immediately demoted. In August, Xianzong ascended the throne, and in September, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Shaozhou (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province). Before he got halfway, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). This time, seven people were demoted to Sima at the same time, so history called this incident "two kings and eight Sima events." Yongzhou area is located at the junction of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi, and it was very remote at that time, and it was a horribly sparsely populated place. Liu Zongyuan went to Yongzhou with him, including six.
7-year-old mother, cousin Liu Zongzhi, cousin Lu Zun. After they arrived in Yongzhou, they didn't even have a place to live. Later, with the help of a monk, they boarded in longxing temple. Because of the hard life, his mother Lushi died before he arrived in Yongzhou for half a year. After Liu Zongyuan was demoted, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Gossip and personal attacks turned him into a "strange man", and after several years, he kept cursing. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed as soon as he sat down. Liu Zongyuan's political ideal was not shaken by all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career. In his letter, he clearly stated: "Although everything is excluded, it is nothing more than this." The fall of Yongzhou 10 year was a major turning point in Liu Zongyuan's life. When he was in Beijing, he directly engaged in innovative activities. After arriving in Yongzhou, his struggle turned to the ideological and cultural field. Ten years in Yongzhou is a decade in which he continued to struggle. He has extensively studied some important issues in philosophy, politics, history and literature since ancient times, and has written articles and books. Most of his masterpieces, such as Feudalism, Unofficial Dialect, Heaven Pair and Six Contradictions, were completed in Yongzhou.
Consistent wood
Liu Zongyuan died in Liuzhou in the 14th year of Tang Yuanhe (AD 8 19). The following year, the coffin was transported back to Yuan Qifeng, Wannian County, Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi Province). "Liuzhou County Records" records: "Zongyuan was originally ruled by Guzhou. Although it was restored, it still closed the land." This soil is now Liu Zongyuan's clothes tomb. The original tomb of Mao was rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The tombstone is entitled "Tomb of Liu Zongyuan in Tang Gaozong" and has a couplet "Wen Neng can live a long life and benefit the people". This tomb was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. 1974 restoration, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription: "Tomb of Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty". (As shown on the right, located in Liu Hou Temple, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) Liu Zongyuan's dressing tomb.
For Liu Zongyuan's life story, please refer to Han Yu's Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Biographies of Old and New Tang Books, and Biography of Mr. Liu in Wen 'anli (containing 500 biographies of Liu Zhuji, excluding Crescent Hall Series). Modern works, Shi Liu Zongyuan Chronicle (Journal of Wuhan University,No. 1 issue, 1957, published by Hubei People's Publishing House), and the first draft of Liu Zongyuan Chronicle of Chinese Department of Shanxi Normal University (No.3, 1974) can be used for reference. Regarding Liu Zongyuan's research works, Zhang's Liu is a great discussion about Liu Zongyuan's works based on detailed materials, but it emphasizes Liu's theory of restraining the DPRK.
The literary achievements of editing this passage
Although Liu Zongyuan lived less than 50 years old, he made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, ci fu, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, prose, literary theory and so on. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life. Most of his poems are about expressing depression, grief, homesickness and friendship, which makes him unique. What is most praised by the world are those leisurely and meaningful, simple and clean landscapes. Wen's achievements are greater than poetry. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, which have not broken away from the habits of parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty, but there are also masterpieces like Yunsuiyang Temple Monument in Antarctica.