Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is lazy." Zi Gong asked, "Why did Confucius call it Wen?" Confucius said, "I am sensitive and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is also a saying. "
(Gongye Chang) Confucius said, "What's wrong with me if I study silently, study tirelessly and teach tirelessly?" Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. "
("Uncle") 2, fish I want is also "Mencius" fish, I want; Bear's paw is what I want You can't have your cake and eat it. You can't have your cake and eat it.
Life is what I want; Righteousness is also what I want. You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness.
Life is what I want. I want it more than the living, so I don't want it. If there is nothing more in disgust than death, what can be done to avoid evil that can be used to escape evil? If people only want life, why not use those who can have life? If people are more terrible than the dead, why not treat the sick? If you are right, you are born unnecessary. If you are right, you can make trouble without doing anything.
A bowl of rice, a bowl of soup, you can live if you get it, but you will starve if you don't get it. But with disdain to drink and eat, hungry pedestrians are unwilling to accept it; Kick others' food with their feet, and beggars will not accept it.
A meal, a bowl of bean soup, if you get it, you will live, if you get it, you will die, and if you get it, everyone in the street will accept it; Begging for help is too much. Ten thousand minutes does not dispute etiquette acceptance. What does ten thousand minutes do to me? For the beauty of the palace, wives and concubines, poor people? Hometown is free from physical death, and today is the beauty of the palace; Hometown is not subject to physical death, and now it is regarded as a wife and concubine; I don't want to die in my hometown, but now I want to do it for the poor and those in need. Is it ok or not? This is called the loss of humanity.
3, born in sorrow, died in happiness "Mencius" was born in a thousand acres, Fu Shuo was held in the building, glued to the fish and salt, Guan Yiwu was held in the scholar, Sun Shuaiao was held in the sea, and Baili was held in the city. Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and mess around. Therefore, patience has benefited them a lot.
People are unchangeable, and then they can change; Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad.
Then knowledge is born of worry and dies of happiness. 4. Debating Zuo Zhuan in the spring of ten years, Qi Shi attacked me.
Duke Zhuang is going to fight. The king asked to see Lord Zhuang.
His fellow countryman said, "People in power will plan this. Why do you want to participate?" ? ""Those in power are short-sighted and unable to think deeply, "Cao Gui said." Then they went to the court to see the duke.
"What are you fighting for?" Cao Gui asked. Zhuang Gong said, "I never dare to know what to eat and wear. I must give it to the ministers around me." Right: "Small favors are unbiased and people are smooth. "
Duke Zhuang said, "I never dare to exaggerate the number of pigs, sheep, jade articles, silks, etc. for sacrifice. I must tell God the truth." Cao Gui said: "Mix's credit cannot be trusted by the gods, and the gods will not bless you." . "
Zhuang Gong said: "Even if you can't see all the lawsuits in Mix, I must be based on facts." Yes, he said, "Loyalty belongs to you. You can fight a war.
Please pay attention to this war. "Male and take, fight in a long spoon.
Zhuang Gongzheng wants to order drums. "Not now," said Cao Gui. "
Wait until Qi Jun hits the drums three times. Cao Gui said, "You can play the drums." . "
Qi Jun was completely defeated. Their duke ordered the horse to be chased by the horse.
"Not now," said Cao Gui. "Then he got off the chariot, looked at the tracks of Qi Jun's wheels, climbed on the chariot, supported the front railing of the chariot and looked at Qi Jun's formation, and said," We can pursue. ". "
So, the pursuit of Qi Jun was pursued. After winning, the king asked him why he won.
Yes, he said, "When you fight, you have courage. You can muster your strength, then you will fail, and finally you will be exhausted. I am tired, I am surplus, so I will overcome it.
Great powers are unpredictable and fearful. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so I chase it. "
5. Zou Ji satirized the Warring States policy with the capable minister of the King of Qi. Zou Ji is more than eight feet long and handsome. Get up in the morning, dress up, look in the mirror and say to his wife, "I am better than Xu Gong in the north of the city. Who is more beautiful? " ? "His wife said," you are very beautiful. How can Gong be as good as Gong Ye! "Xugong in the north of the city is the most beautiful man in Qi.
Zou Ji didn't believe himself and asked his concubine, "Who is more beautiful than Xu Gong?" ? My concubine said, "Where can I compare with you?" ? " ? " The next day, a guest came from outside, sat with him and asked him, "Who is more beautiful than ordinary?" ? "The guest said," Xugong is not as beautiful as you! "Tomorrow, Xu Gong will come. Who saw it and thought it was inferior; Look at yourself in the mirror, as far as the horizon.
Thinking at dusk: "My wife is beautiful and I am private; The beauty of my concubine is afraid of me; The beauty of the guest is me, I want my things. " So he went to the court to see Wang Wei and said, "I really know that Xu Hongmei is inferior. My wife is a private minister, my concubine is afraid of me, and everything my guests want from me is more beautiful than Xu Hongmei.
Today, thousands of miles away, there are 120 cities, ladies in the left and right, all private kings; Courtiers are not afraid of kings; Within four borders, there is nothing but the king. From this perspective, the cover of the king is very embarrassing! "The king said," good. "
He ordered: "those officials who can stab me in the face should be rewarded;" There will be a reward for those who write and exhort me; Those who can slander the city will be rewarded if they listen to me. " At the beginning of the stage, the ministers remonstrated and the door was crowded.
After a few months, from time to time. Years later, although I wanted to talk, I couldn't get in.
Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei are all Qi people. This is the imperial court, and there is no need to use war to defeat the enemy.
6, the role model Zhuge Liang, the former role model, said clearly: the first emperor did not start a business, and the road collapsed. Today's three points, Yizhou exhausted disadvantages, this is also the key autumn.
However, the minister of the guard was obsessed with the inside, but his ambition of loyalty was forgotten outside: Gai Zhui met the former emperor and wanted to report to your majesty. If you are sincere, you should listen to the holy spirit, with the light of the legacy of the first emperor and the spirit of the people; It is not advisable to sell yourself short, quote nonsense, and block the road of loyal advice.
In the palace, everything is one; It is not appropriate to judge whether it is the same or different. If there are criminals who are honest and kind, they should be rewarded by this department to show your majesty's understanding, and you should not favor one over the other, making the internal and external laws different.
Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. , are honest and sincere, are based on the advice of the first emperor left your majesty. Fools think that everything in the palace, big or small, should be discussed, and then implemented, which will make up for the vacancy and make a lot of profits.
Xiang Chong, a general, has a good personality and a smooth military career. He tried it in the past, and the first emperor called it "energy", which was supervised by the people. Fools think that knowing the situation of the camp and consulting them will definitely make the front line harmonious, and the advantages and disadvantages will be found.
Pro-sages, far villains, this first Han is so prosperous; You little people, far from being wise ministers, have been so depressed in the Han Dynasty ever since. When the late Emperor was around, every time I talked to the minister about it, I always sighed and hated Yu Huan and Ling.
Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, joined the army, and was known as a virtuous and good death minister.
2. Seek three ancient poems suitable for middle school students to read after class.
Lipper
Beautiful people who see the bright clouds, think of their clothes and see flowers come to see them.
If Yushan didn't see her, it would be Yaochi meeting under the moon.
A red dew is fragrant, and the rain is heartbroken.
Excuse me, who looks like Han Palace? The poor swallow leans against her new makeup.
Famous flowers fall in love and laugh like kings.
Explain that the spring breeze is infinitely hateful, and the agarwood pavilion is northward.
These three poems were written by Li Bai when he dedicated them to Hanlin in Chang 'an. One day, Xuanzong and Yang Fei were watching peony flowers in the palace, and Li Bai was ordered to write a new movement, which was written by Li Bai's imperial edict. Among the three poems, Mu Shaoyao (Peony) and Fei Yang co-wrote that flowers are people, and people are flowers, which makes people's faces smooth and harmonious and benefits Tang Xuanzong. From the perspective of text structure, the first one was written from space and introduced Yuan Long on the Moon to readers. The second song was written at that time, introducing the balcony of King Xiang of Chu and the court of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty to readers. The third song returns to the present reality, pointing out that the Tang Palace is north of Chenxiang Temple. Poetry and pen are not only easy to write, but also interlinked. The spring breeze in "The First" echoes the spring breeze in "The Third".
The first song, with seven words added: "Clouds need clothes, flowers need capacity", makes Yang Fei's clothes look like clothes and feathers, surrounded by her plump jade capacity. The word "Xiang" has both positive and negative understandings. It can be said that when you see clouds, you think of clothes, and when you see flowers, you think of looks. It can also be said that you think of clothes as clouds and looks as flowers, so the interaction is uneven, and the seven words give people a feeling of flowers. Next, "the spring breeze blows the sill to show the flowers", and the beauty of peony flowers is more colorful in the crystal dew, which makes the above sentence more full. At the same time, the wind dew symbolizes the grace of the king and makes the painted face more spiritual. Below, the poet's imagination suddenly rose to the Yushan and Yaotai groups where the Queen Mother of the West lived in heaven. If it weren't for "meeting" and "meeting", the poet pretended to choose, and he would surely see such a beautiful face only in fairyland! Yushan, Yaotai and moonlight, with simple words, set off a beautiful face, which naturally reminds people of a person as white as jade and a warm white peony flower. At the same time, the poet did not show any trace, and compared Yang Fei to a fairy, which was really exquisite.
The second song begins with the sentence "a piece of red dew condenses fragrance", which writes both color and fragrance; Not only the natural beauty, but also the dew beauty, which is a step further than the previous Revlon. With the story of the King of Chu, "The Nature of Wushan Rain Wasted Heartbroken" humanized the flowers in the previous sentence, pointing out that the King of Chu was a goddess heartbroken, but in fact, the goddess in the dream could not get the beauty of the moment! After that, Zhao, the queen of Emperor Han Chengdi, was a peerless beauty, but Zhao still had to rely on new makeup. Those who looked like beauties in front of her eyes did not need makeup, which was naturally amazing. This song also respects the topic by depressing the goddess and the flying swallow and raising Yang Fei. According to legend, Zhao is light and can dance in the crystal plate held by imperial secretary, while he is relatively fat, with the inherent saying that "the ring is fat and thin" (Yang Guifei's real name is Yuhuan). Later generations fabricated the facts accordingly, saying that Yang Fei liked these three poems very much and often recited them. Gao Lishi thought it was a great insult, because Li Bai had ordered him to take off his boots. He called Yang Fei a great shame, saying that Li Bai had despised Fei Yang's fat with the thinness of swallows and her fornication with swallows, and her palace was a mess. If there is such a meaning in Li Bai's poems, first of all, he can't escape from Xuanzong, who has knowledge and culture, and Yang Fei is not a man without cultural accomplishment. According to the original poem, it is obviously impossible to suppress the ancient and respect the present and forcibly misinterpret it.
The third song returns to reality from the fairyland ancients. The first two sentences, "Famous flowers pour over the country and care for each other, which makes the king smile." The beauty in "Pour Out the Country" refers to Yang Fei, of course. The poem only points out here that the peony and "dumping the country" and "dumping the country" are combined into one, and the words "smiling and looking" are unified, so that the peony, Yang Fei and Xuanzong are integrated. Because of the "laugh" in the second sentence, the "show infinite hatred for the spring breeze" in the third sentence was aroused. The word "spring breeze" is synonymous with the king. This sentence makes the moving beauty of peony full of interest, and the king laughs. Of course, there is no hate, and the hate is relieved. At the end of last year, the place where Yang Fei enjoyed flowers was "Chenxiang Temple North". How elegant and romantic it is for people to lean on the flowers outside the diaphragm.
These three poems are rich in language and words, and the most prominent thing is to write flowers and people together, such as "the cloud wants clothes and flowers to look good", as if writing flowers and faces. "A red dew condenses fragrance" is also a mixture of people and things, referring to this and that. After reading these three poems, if you feel that the spring breeze is full of paper, the flowers are full of eyes and the face is blurred, you don't need to portray it. Naturally, people think that this is a peony, a beautiful jade, and nothing else. No wonder these three poems were deeply appreciated by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty at that time.
3. Summarize the sources, explanations and functions of allusions in junior middle school Chinese ancient poems published by People's Education Press. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, because quoting historical facts and using allusions can increase the capacity of ancient poetry, make it more vivid, elegant and implicit, and receive concise results.
Allusions in ancient poetry are often closely related to the ideas to be expressed. Therefore, reciting allusions is one of the important ways for us to understand ancient poetry.
Now sum up the poems with allusions in grades 7-9 as follows: homesickness is empty, and I feel like a rotten ke when I go to my hometown. Liu Yuxi's allusion: Wendy Fuxi and Ji Kang were good friends, and Ji Kang was killed because he was dissatisfied with Sima Group. When Xiang embroidery passed by Ji Kang's former residence, it was sad to hear someone playing a flute, so it wrote "Remembering the Old Fu".
Wang Zhi, a rotten man, went up the mountain to chop wood. When he saw two boys playing chess, he stopped to watch. By the end of the game, the handle of the axe was rotten.
Back in the village, I realized that one hundred years had passed. Significance and function in the poem: The poet used these two allusions to say that he left for 23 years, and now when he came back, many old friends had died, so he could only recite "Wendy Fu" in vain to express his condolences.
Coming back is like a previous life, and it feels completely different. It's not the past anymore. The latter sentence uses the allusion of Wang Fu-fu, which not only implies his long years of relegation, but also shows the change of the world after reunification and his unfamiliar and melancholy state of mind, with rich implications.
A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. ("The Fisherman's Pride of Qiu Si" Fan Zhongyan) Allusions: Xerox Ran Yan-Using the allusions in "The Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty", in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Xian led his troops to defeat the Xiongnu, pursued all the way to Yanran Mountain and returned the carved stone.
Meaning and function in ci: the poet here reveals a psychological contradiction between himself and the talent recruiter: he misses his hometown thousands of miles away, but he can't go back, because he has not achieved the purpose of making military achievements and making progress. The poet used allusions to interweave homesickness with feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? (Su Shi, hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou) Allusions: Sending Feng Tang-According to Records of the Historian, Biography of Zhang Shizhi, and Feng Tang, when Emperor Wendi was Emperor Wen, he served as the satrap of Yunzhong and made meritorious deeds in resisting Xiongnu, but he was convicted and dismissed for reporting six more heads when he made meritorious deeds. Later, Emperor Wendi took Feng Tang's advice and sent Feng Tang and Jeff to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei.
Meaning and Function of Ci: Here, the author uses Shang Wei as a metaphor to express the author's hope that the imperial court can reuse itself, just like sending Feng Tang to pardon Shang Wei. I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun.
("Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting" Su Shi) Allusion: Sirius shooting at the sky is said to be "the main aggression" according to Jin Shu Tian. Meaning and function between the lines: used here to refer to the Xixia army that came from the northwest to disturb.
The poet used this sentence to express his determination to serve the country, resist the invaders and make contributions. 800 Li was roasted under his command, ... Ma Zuo (Xin Qiji, who wrote Zhuang Ci for Chen Tongfu) Allusions: 800 Li-refers to cattle.
According to "Shi Shuo Xin Yu", there is a good cow in Jin, whose name is "Ba Li Bo". Later poems often referred to "800 Li" as an ox. Lu-a good horse name.
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Records of Shu and Biography of Ancestors, Liu Bei was in distress in Jingzhou, and the horse he rode carried him out of danger. The meaning and function between the lines: the image describes the life of the army and shows the heroism of the soldiers who resisted the gold.
4. Junior middle school ancient poetry appreciation question and answer (extracurricular) drunken flower songs
Li Qingzhao
The mist is thick and the clouds are thick, and the days are sad. Kapoor is among the birds in the incense burner.
The festival is also a double ninth festival, and the jade pillow gauze kitchen is half cold at night.
Dongli drinks until dusk, and faint chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves.
Don't say clear autumn is not a person, the west wind rolls the flag and beads curtain, and the person in the curtain is thinner than that Huang Ju.
Appreciation: This poem was written by the author after his early separation from her husband Zhao Mingcheng. It expresses the poet's loneliness and lovesickness through mourning for autumn. Li Qingzhao lived a happy love life and family life in her early years. As women in the boudoir, due to the constraints of feudal society, their activities are restricted and their life experiences are also heavily constrained, even the upper-class intellectual women like Li Qingzhao are no exception. Therefore, relatively speaking, their requirements for love are higher than those of ordinary men, and their experience is more delicate. Therefore, when the author and her husband parted, facing the monotonous life, they could not help expressing their sadness and farewell by cherishing Spring and Qiu Lai. This word is a reflection of this emotion. Literally, the author does not directly express the pain and lovesickness of living alone, but this feeling is everywhere in his writing.
Write cool autumn scenery in the first film. The first two sentences are written in the daytime: "The fog is thick and the clouds are sad forever." This "mist and thick clouds" not only covered the whole sky, but also covered the poet's heart. The Beast of Renau Xiao Jin wrote a long and boring time, and at the same time set off the sadness of the environment. Starting from the evening, the last three sentences first point out the festival: "Double Ninth Festival". Then, from some distinctive things such as "jade pillow gauze kitchen" and the poet's special feelings, the autumn chill that penetrates people's skin is written, suggesting the heroine's mood in the poem. The words "worry" and "cool" run through "eternal day" and "night". Late autumn, season and climate, material state and human feelings are already in sight. This is the reason for the next movie "People are thinner than yellow flowers".
The next movie is about the ninth festival. The first two sentences are chrysanthemum appreciation and drinking. The ancients had the habit of enjoying chrysanthemums and drinking alcohol on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "I'll come back when it's chrysanthemum time." During the Song Dynasty, the wind never weakened. Therefore, on the Double Ninth Festival, the poet still wants to "drink in the East" until "after dusk", and the fragrance of chrysanthemums overflows his sleeves. What these two sentences say is that the festive season is still the same, but the situation of people is different: "The immortal emperor rolls the west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers." Contrast up and down, many things are different, the past and the present are different. As far as the relationship between the upper and lower films is concerned, this one is about the result.
Clever metaphor is also one of the important reasons why this word is widely read. In ancient poetry, it is not uncommon to compare people's thinness with flowers. For example, "People are as thin as Qingyang" (Song's anonymous dream), "People are thin, how much thinner than plum blossoms and plum blossoms?" (Song Chenggai's "Passing the Jiangchengzi") "Heaven knows, the sky is thin." (Qin Guan "Water") and so on. But compared with Li Qingzhao, this article is so successful. The reason is that the metaphor of this word is closely combined with the overall image of the whole word, which is very suitable for the identity and emotion of the poetess and is friendly to read.
In the words, the technique of baking clouds to support the moon is also properly used, which has a hidden charm. For example, the next article is about chrysanthemum, which is used to describe people. But there is not a word "chrysanthemum" in the whole article. "Dongli" originally used Tao Yuanming's poem "picking chrysanthemums under the Dongli", but the word "picking chrysanthemums" was hidden, but it was actually a hidden head. For another example, the same is true of the word "89". Before the word "nine", there was already the word "chrysanthemum". Because the ancients had the habit of drinking chrysanthemum wine on September 9, the word "chrysanthemum" was also omitted here. Another example is "dark fragrance", where "dark fragrance" refers to the fragrance of chrysanthemum, not the fragrance of other stamens. "Yellow flower", that is, "chrysanthemum". As can be seen from the above, there is not a word "chrysanthemum" in the whole word, but the color, fragrance and shape of "chrysanthemum" are all on the paper. There is a turning point in the word, a layer of thinking is added when singing, and the charm of the poem is also thickened.
The rhetorical technique is also one of the noteworthy artistic features of Ci. Ming Mao Ying said in Ci De that people "only know how to memorize" (meaning "people are thinner than yellow flowers"), but they don't know that beauty lies in "not knowing the truth". This statement is very insightful. The sentence "Mo Dao" can actually be compared with the sentence "How much leisure" in He Zhu's Jade Case. The difference is that the sentence "Mo Dao" contains rhetorical questions and provocative questions.
Yuan Yi's "nirvana in fire" is a story like this: "Yi An sent a letter to Zhao Mingcheng in Chongyang, which read" Drunken Flowers ". I really admire you, and I'm ashamed. I want to win. All those who thanked the guests and didn't eat or sleep for three days and nights got 50 yuan, which could easily be regarded as the symbol of their friend Lu Defu. Dave played it over and over again and said, "There are only three wonderful sentences". Mingcheng. Answer:' The Tao never dies, and the curtain rolls in the west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers. It is easy to be safe. "No matter how credible this story is, the spread of this story alone is enough to show that Li Qingzhao's life experience is not experienced by ordinary literati; His artistic style and skills are not imitated by ordinary poets. It is in this way that the image of a boudoir beauty is sentimental and fragile. Because this image is the product of a specific historical period and class in feudal society.
So when we appreciate it today, we mainly learn from her expression techniques and methods. Don't be a person who "falls in love with the next level", so you will "worry about adding new words". I hope the reader's ideas are useless, and you are happier than me to be the first.