Poetry expresses ambition, song always speaks, sound is eternal, law is harmonious, eight tones are harmonious, there is no competition, and god and man are harmonious. "
And Liu Xie, "Wen Xin Diao Long? Emotion said: "In the past, poets wrote articles for love." He also said, "Cover up the elegance and prosperity, gather thoughts and anger, and praise the temperament with irony: this is what the text uses."
In the creation of The Book of Songs, we should cultivate the consciousness of "expressing ambition through poetry", that is to say, the theory of "expressing ambition" does not necessarily come from The Book of Songs, but the author of The Book of Songs embodies the concept of "expressing ambition" through his own creative achievements. Therefore, the interpretation of "poetry expressing ambition" must be related to the Book of Songs.
The author of The Book of Songs likes to write his own creative purpose into poetry. When revealing his creative purpose, there is a kind of consciousness that poetry can express his will, but it is not out of irony and praise.
Ode to poems and express feelings mainly refer to a kind of ancestral temple music songs, such as Zhou Song in The Book of Songs.
This kind of poetry came into being in the prosperous period of the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
In order to consolidate and develop its stable situation, the Zhou Dynasty made great efforts in rites and music. As far as the content is concerned, it is to praise the achievements of the former king who was appointed by heaven and beautify the character of the founder.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, people believed that heaven was the real master of the world, and the reason why kings could rule the world was because they were ordained by heaven and helped by providence.
Therefore, the main content of poetry is to worship the benevolence and supreme authority of heaven.
At the same time, Zhou people also used eulogies to pray for the country's long-term stability and bumper harvest.
Gu Jiegang said in his position in The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: "Fu is probably the most solemn one used in music poetry. It's not a bad gift The biggest ceremony is sacrifice, so almost all sacrifices are used. " In The Book of Songs, all the sages who have never met before, political injustice, life injustice, and the misfortune of the times are all spontaneous lamentations, which hurt the country's politics and the world, and belong to poems that satirize things with ambition.
In Preface to Mao Poetry, it is said that "the wind and frost are on the top, and the wind and thorns are on the bottom, and the main text is admonition.
It is self-evident, the speaker is innocent, and the listener has a warning, so it is called the wind. According to the author of The Book of Songs, the rise and fall of a country is not only the decline and fall of one country and one surname, but also leaves a serious proposition for poetry: to bear the disaster and suffering of the country, which shows the great sorrow of mankind.
A poetic tradition, the allegorical spirit of poetry, began in The Book of Songs and developed into the critical spirit of later generations.
The resentful poems in The Book of Songs either remonstrate with current politics and criticize current abuses, or lament life experiences and express their resentment.
The former directly criticized the political malpractice at that time, clearly expounded his own political views, showed the poet's high consciousness of his historical mission, satirized Wang Zheng, warned the world of his sense of responsibility, and showed his sense of anxiety about the country and the people and taking the world as his own responsibility. The latter expresses his political grievances and many feelings about social life to vent his anger and resentment.
However, as a natural requirement of poetry, poetry and "emotion" are inseparable from the beginning of poetry creation.
For example, the appearance of a large number of love poems in The Book of Songs is an example.
But in creative practice, it was Qu Yuan who combined "ambition" with "emotion" for the first time.
Qu Yuan sometimes calls it lyricism in his works: "I'm so worried about recitation, I'm so angry, and I feel lyrical" ("Cherish recitation"); Sometimes, he said: "I am confused by ambition, but I steal the knowledge of poetry" ("Regret for the Past"); Sometimes emotions are expressed at the same time: "Shen Dan expresses his feelings in China, but his ambition is too heavy to reach" (S. Ren Mei).
In fact, emotion is ambition and ambition is emotion. Both of them are interlinked with Qu Yuan.
Although Qu Yuan's emotional expression has a strong sense of color and personality, its purpose is to "cultivate talents and empower people, follow the rope and ink but not quite" (Li Sao) and "enrich the country and strengthen the country, while the law is established, it is a loyal minister who enjoys heaven" (cherish the past).
He is angry and lyrical because the ideal of "American politics" is difficult to realize.
Therefore, Qu Yuan's emotional view is rational and social in nature.
In other words, sensibility and individuality have great influence on rationality and sociality. In addition, in terms of poetic theory, there were emotional expressions in the pre-Qin period, such as The Book of Rites? The theory of music says: "Happiness comes from happiness, and people's feelings are inevitable", which affirms people's individual feelings.
However, it is generally believed that Lu Ji's "fatalism" is a sign that poetic theory has entered a "theory of expressing ambition" that emphasizes personal feelings rather than "expressing morality"
The so-called "emphasis" on the expression of personal feelings shows that "fatalism" is not completely divorced from "the theory of expressing one's will"
A careful study of Wen Fu reveals that Lu Ji's so-called "destiny" still contains the factor of "expressing ambition".
For example, "I am sentimental grave" and "I am worried about frost, my ambition is hard to pay, and my perseverance remains unchanged; Praise the virtues of the world and the fragrance of the ancestors. "
Liu Xie's "building an elegant mood, thinking about accumulating anger, and satirizing feelings, this is called love for literature", "husband is indifferent to vegetation, and treats feelings with reality; According to the article, words are based on ambition, words are contrary to ambition, and they are full of words. "
This shows that although the literati in the Six Dynasties were aware of the relationship between emotion and poetry, cultural traditions prevented them from completely breaking off their relationship with "expressing their will", which is also a historical necessity.
It should be affirmed that although fatalism has not completely shaken off the shadow of "expressing ambition", compared with previous poetics, it is no longer necessary to talk about Wang Gu. Although "expressing ambition" and "predestination" are not the same thing, they are born together.
What's more, "ambition" and "emotion" do have something in common, and they are all hidden in their hearts. When it comes to works, there is always ambition in emotion, and there is always affection in ambition.
If we distinguish carefully from the perspective of epistemology, there is still a difference between emotion and ambition.
Emotion is transcendent. If "ambition" refers to "politics and religion" or the ruling consciousness in a certain period, it only shows the narrowness and limitations of people.
Literature and art itself is the transcendence of human finiteness, which makes literature have a profound grasp of human finiteness, otherwise it is not enough to constitute transcendence.
In The Book of Songs, literature's thinking about people's living conditions and mental outlook shows a spirit of self-reflection and criticism, which to some extent reflects a spirit of transcendence in literature. If literature loses its criticism of human finiteness, it will lose its jumping soul.