Basic knowledge points of Chinese in Xiaoshengchu
1. Daily tip:
Just as celestial bodies maintain vitality through movement, a gentleman should constantly pursue self-improvement. If you are ambitious, I ching is one hundred years old. heirloom
Don't be idle, white and sad! "Man Jiang Hong" teenagers are easy to learn, and an inch of time is not light. Accidental achievement
Rummanmanqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down. Lisao
If you don't accumulate steps, you will be thousands of miles away; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. xunzi
2. Accumulate over time (classic couplets)
The ground is full of red flowers and the sky is even clear and blue. (palindrome)
Five o'clock in the evening, two o'clock in the middle of the night, Sanqiu in September, Mid-Autumn Festival in August. (Digital couplets)
Cui Cui is full of red, and it is full of ups and downs, year after year. (hyphen)
Castle peak outside the building, white clouds outside the mountain, flying clouds outside the sky; There are green trees by the pool, red rain under the trees and rain by the stream. (thimble)
3. Accumulate over a long period (two-part allegorical saying)
Three things in Liu Taoyuan-at the turn of life and death, Kong Ming borrowed the east wind-and used the weather skillfully
Guan Yu went to dinner without saying anything and went straight to Xu Shu to meet Cao Cao.
The strategist-Wu Yongsun monkey's face-changed and said.
4. Accumulate over time (famous sayings and epigrams)
If you want to love your own value, you have to create value for the world. -(Germany) Goethe
Let the horn of prophecy ring! Oh, west wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? -(British) Shelley
The cause of fruit is lofty, and the cause of flower is sweet, but let me do the cause of leaf in the shadow of silent dedication. -(India) Tagore
If life deceives you, don't worry, don't worry, keep calm in gloomy days, believe it, and happy days will come. -Pushkin
Important knowledge points of Chinese in Xiaoshengchu
Explanatory writing is a way to properly express the actual situation of things in concise language when writing explanatory writing. There are many ways to explain, and we should choose the explanation method according to the characteristics of the object of interpretation and the purpose of writing.
The basic requirements of expository language are scientific, rigorous, accurate, concise and clear; Literary discourse also requires vividness and vividness. Proper use of interpretation methods can improve the scientificity and accuracy of interpretation language, make the object of interpretation more concrete and vivid, make readers understand and understand the author's meaning more clearly, enhance persuasion, and sometimes enhance readers' reading interest and highlight the theme.
means of interpretation
The common explanation methods are 1 1, such as example, classification, number, comparison, chart, definition, quotation, explanation, metaphor, imitation and hypothesis.
Common in primary schools are: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison and classification. The nature and function of the theme:
Give examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This method of explanation is called example.
Benefits: make the meaning expressed in the article clearer and better understood by readers, and specify the characteristics of the explained object.
Example: Clouds can foretell the weather. For example, in Xinjiang, the appearance of clouds means rain. -"Looking at the weather from the clouds" (list the corresponding examples in a wide range)
Digital column
In order to specify the things to be explained, you can also use the method of enumerating numbers to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures must have reliable basis and be as approximate as possible.
Benefits: Explaining by enumerating figures can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be very convincing. It also reflects the accuracy of the description text and accurately explains the characteristics of the description object.
For example, Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, and a narrow middle and a width of 9 meters. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" (accurately reflected)
For example.
Comparing the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
The explanation method of analogy in expository writing is consistent with metaphor and association in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
Benefits: abstract things become concrete and vivid. Illustrates the characteristics of the object.
Example: The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" can make the explained object vivid. )
contrast
Contrast method is an explanatory method to compare two kinds of things and phenomena in the same or different categories to illustrate the characteristics of things. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When making a comparison, it can be a comparison of the same kind or a comparison of different kinds. Things can be compared horizontally or vertically.
Benefits: Highlight the characteristics of the target.
Example: When the Yongding River flooded, the water was very strong. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge, which shows its firmness. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" (highlighting the characteristics of the object of explanation. )
classify
It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification. Classification is an important way to explain complex things clearly. Sometimes it is necessary to explain the characteristics and essence of things from several aspects, which is also a classification.
Benefits: clear organization, clear at a glance. The characteristics of the object are clearly explained.
For example, screens can be divided into gold screens, silver screens, gold screens, painted screens, stone screens, wooden screens, bamboo screens, and so on. Thus, there is a distinction between elegance and vulgarity in art, and it also reveals the different economic and cultural levels of users. -"Say" screen "(let readers know the types of screens. )
Explain the skills of doing method problems:
(1) Specifies the object.
When reading an article explaining things, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is. So how do you find the right person?
(1) Look at the topics, many of which are objects. For example, Chinese stone arch bridge.
② Grasp the first general sentence and the central sentence. A good expository often uses this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of things
The characteristics of things are mainly manifested in structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length and so on. ), properties (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc. ), change (dynamic, static, fast, slow), reason (simple, complex), function (width, positive and negative) and so on.
Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points, it is also necessary to find out from which aspects and angles the author introduced the characteristics of things.
For example, the article Immortality of the Dead Sea illustrates the characteristics of the Dead Sea from three angles: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer.
Another example is the article Suzhou Garden, which focuses on the general feature of "No matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you" and expounds it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions; The cooperation between rockery and pond; Against the flowers and trees; Close-up level; And the carving and color of doors and windows. In this way, through inductive analysis from different aspects, we can fully grasp the characteristics of Suzhou gardens.
(3) inductive interpretation method
When reading the explanatory text, you can mark the explanatory methods used in the article while reading, then summarize which methods are mainly used, and then analyze the role of these explanatory methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.
(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph
When summarizing the main points, we should pay attention to the function of the first enclosing sentence, the last concluding sentence or interrogative sentence, and the function of the statement defining or explaining the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. Use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise and to the point. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similarity merging", and the general idea of each part is summarized, and then the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the interpretation order of the full text can be clearly displayed.
What order of interpretation is used depends on the object of interpretation. Generally speaking, time sequence is used to explain the evolution and development of things; Spatial order is used to describe architecture; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things in logical order.
(5) Grasp the center
On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation, it is easy to see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total score structure, we should also focus on the combination principle of "scores", whether it is parallel, progressive or contains the total score relationship. Progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason, and so on.
After mastering the structure, you can draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of explanation is to summarize an explanation article, explaining what characteristics the explained thing has, or what it explains. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.
(6) Experience the accuracy of language.
Accuracy is the characteristic of explanatory language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained. Pay attention to analyze the function of keywords.
Knowledge points of Chinese compulsory examination in Xiaoshengchu
spell
First, review the main points.
1. The initials and finals are pronounced correctly, and the whole memory is 16 syllables.
2. Memorize the Chinese phonetic alphabet and remember the writing of 26 uppercase and lowercase letters.
3. Spell syllables skillfully and accurately, and learn Mandarin with the help of Chinese Pinyin reading.
4. Master the spelling rules of Chinese Pinyin.
5. Read tones correctly and mark syllables according to Chinese spelling rules.
Second, the knowledge platform
1. Master 23 initials, 24 finals and 16 whole syllables of Chinese Pinyin.
(1) Initial consonant: bp m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w
(2) vowel: Mi
① Monovowels (6): ao e i u ü
② Polyphonic vowel (9): aiei ui ao ou iu ie üe er (special vowel).
③ Nasal vowel (9): anen in Unü n ang Enging ong
(3) The overall recognition of syllables: refers to the original English phonology of Wu Yu Ye Yue.
2. Learn Chinese Pinyin by heart, recite and write 26 uppercase and lowercase letters in sequence.
(1) in words: AB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(2) lowercase: ab c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
3. Master spelling methods, be able to spell syllables skillfully and accurately, and read and learn Mandarin with the help of Chinese Pinyin.
(1) Two spellings: the first sound is light and short, then the second sound is heavy, and the two sounds are in violent contact with each other.
What did you say?/Sorry? What did you say?
Make a wolf to drive away the red flag.
(2) Three spellings: the sound is light and the vowel is bright, and the three-tone continuous reading is very convenient.
Pio Liang Keo Mio Shio Yang Bion
Beautiful, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart, smart.
4. Read the correct tone.
Tone is an indispensable part of syllables, which is very important and has the function of distinguishing the meaning of words. Different tones on the same syllable produce different pronunciations and express different meanings at the same time. Such as: bāo (bag) báo (hail) bo (full) bào (hug). There are only four tones in Mandarin, which are divided into flat tone (-), rising tone (ˇ), rising tone (ˇ) and falling tone (ˋ). Their pronunciation is: one flat tone, two rising tones, three inflection tones and four falling tones.
5. Read and remember the standard formula.
Tone symbols are marked on the main vowels of syllables, and you can remember the formula: don't let go when you see A, and don't let go of a single vowel without A to find O, E, I, U; I don't write on the tone, but I don't write on the tone when I meet a light tone. Adjourn the court.
6. Understand the function and usage of sound insulation symbols.
When syllables starting with "A, O, E" are connected with other syllables, if the boundaries of syllables are easy to be confused, they should be separated by sound insulation symbols ('). The soundproof symbol (') is written in the upper left corner between two syllables. For example: Pio snipe O (fur coat).
7. Pay attention to the above two points and save the rules.
When spelling syllables, when vowels starting with U are spelled with initials J, Q and X, the two points above U should be omitted, such as: Jù ré n; When vowels starting with U are spelled with initials N and L, the two points of U cannot be omitted, because initials N and L can also be spelled with vowels U, such as land (Lü dì) and green land (lǜdì).
8, pay attention to the child's voice change.
"Er (n)" as a suffix, followed by other words. It can't be a syllable alone, but it is linked with the previous syllable, so that the vowel of the previous syllable ends with a rolled tongue sound, which is called Hua Er Yun. When spelling vowels, just add an "r" after the vowel of vowel syllables. Such as Honghuaer (hóng huār).
9. The difference between flat tongue coating and tongue coating. Z, c, s, zh, ch and sh are the sounds behind the tip of the tongue. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue tilts upward and presses against the front (E) of the palate, so it is called tongue-sticking. Words with initials Z, C and S are all words with flat tongue; Words with initials zh, ch and sh are all words with tongues.
10, master the usage of capital letters.
The first letter at the beginning of a sentence should be capitalized.
Such as: y ti á o d à y ú ud à o h í i dü le.
The first letter at the beginning of each poem should be capitalized.
Such as: Chuang qián mǐngyuèguāng, y sh d ū sh à ng Shu ā ng.
(3) Special nouns such as country names and place names should be written together with capital letters. For example, the unit of the Saint Stork Ilan Ridan.
(4) Names are two special nouns, and the first letters of surnames and first names should be capitalized. For example, má ozé d not ng.
⑤ Spelling of book covers, publicity slogans, trademarks and store names. They are all capital letters, so the tone can be omitted.