From the appearance of The Book of Songs, the first poetry collection in China, to the peak of poetry creation in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and then to the gradual decline after Ming and Qing Dynasties. The development of poetry has experienced a tortuous but innovative process. It is generally believed that there are several forms of expression of poetry: Chu Ci, Feng Wei, poetry, ci and Sanqu. "Poetry" is a broader concept. We usually call the poems before the May 4th Movement as ancient poems, and the poems after the May 4th Movement as new poems. New poetry inherits the ancient poetry to some extent, but it also has its own "personality" characteristics in line with the characteristics of each era. Poetry can be classified and defined according to time sequence, different expressions, length, language form, poetic style and meter. Since these are not the focus of this article, I will not repeat them here.
The characteristics of poetry, that is, poetry is different from novels, essays and other literary genres, and has its distinctive features of special forms of expression and expression. This feature of poetry can be summarized in two words: lyricism. As mentioned at the beginning, the creation of poetry is spontaneous and emotional. Casuality means observing the real society carefully, from perceptual knowledge to rational thinking, and then conveying an idea or idea with the help of poetry. For example, Du Fu's famous sentence "Dog meat stinks in Zhumen, and bones freeze to death on the road" highly summarizes the serious polarization between the rich and the poor at that time, and expresses the author's thoughts of "hate" for the "rich and powerful" and "pity" for the poor. From family, that is, to express love, hate, affection and sorrow for something with strong and intense thoughts and feelings. For example, Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" "I wish I were a pair of lovebirds in the sky, born together on the ground, with two branches in one tree ... the earth will last forever, and the sky will last forever; One day both will end, and this endless sorrow will continue forever. " It shows a beautified court love tragedy between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Yuhuan, and expresses the author's deep sympathy and admiration for this love. Writing a good poem is very important to the overall conception of the poem. The creator should construct the "outline" of the poem in his mind and accurately find out the theme to be expressed. You can't finish writing a poem, and you don't know what kind of thoughts you want to express. Only thought has a soul. Only by making clear what you want to express, how to express it, constructing a "three-dimensional image" of poetry, and then arranging it in an orderly way, can we form the internal thought and substantive structure of poetry.
Poetry creation has its own unique writing ideas, which can be summarized as 24 words, namely, strong feelings, refined language, broadened association, rich imagination, distinct rhythm and harmonious rhythm. Strong feelings require the author to reflect the dribs and drabs of life with rich emotional accumulation, combine real emotional expression, see the truth in details, and strive to convey feelings with feelings and to affect people.
Poetry can't be as eloquent as other literary genres because of its special length and word limit. This requires the creator to refine and concentrate the language when creating poetry, which is highly concentrated and generally reflects the real life of society. For example, there is a poem entitled "Fate", but the content of the poem is only one word-"Net". The author uses a word "net" to highly concentrate the ups and downs in real life. It contains deep charm.
Expanding association and enriching imagination is the important soul of poetry. Reasonable association can enhance the charm of poetry and show the beauty of the times. At the same time, in poetry creation, the necessary use of various rhetorical devices can make the thoughts and feelings expressed in poetry more intense and rich. For example, Li Bai's "White hair and three thousands of feet, long sorrow." Express sadness to the fullest. Rhythm refers to the rhythm and tone in poetry. In the creation of ancient cities, we pay special attention to the rhyme of sentences. Words with different rhymes cannot rhyme. The rhyme of new poems is more casual. As long as the rhyme is roughly similar, it can rhyme to the end or be changed in the middle. Rhythm refers to the number of pauses in poetry, that is, the interval law of language in the arrangement order. Vivid rhythm is an important requirement of poetry. You can use a short rhythm. A slow pace can give people a deep and sad mood.
The creation of poetry should also emphasize the novelty and rigor of conception. The conception of poetry is the basis of expressing the theme. The novelty of conception can increase the readability and affinity of poetry. It can correctly reflect people's universal thoughts and demands. To achieve the novelty of ideas, we must pay attention to the analysis of various social phenomena, grasp the characteristics of the times, and concentrate on the progress of social development; At the same time, we should have a strong insight into things. Only with strong insight can we grasp the nuances of things, see the big from the small and see the small from the simple.
Poetry creation is also an art of artistic conception. Artistic conception is to construct an artistic picture with emotion, realm and three-dimensional sense in your mind through thinking in images. Poetry creation emphasizes creating a certain atmosphere, expressing emotions in the atmosphere, blending emotions in the scene, expressing emotions in the scene, and understanding from the scene. Only when the readers are full of feelings for the things or phenomena to be expressed, with the thoughts of praise, sympathy and flogging, can they feel this feeling. Achieve the recognition and recognition of poetry. To better express the artistic conception of poetry, we should not only have rich emotional accumulation, but also pay attention to the grasp of details in expression. (The "description of details" here is of course different from the description of literary genres such as novels and narratives. The detailed description of poetry has its distinct characteristics: conciseness, directness and sensibility. More importantly, it can describe something more vividly. ) The details are the most touching. It is also the most expressive way to create a touching artistic conception. Detail description needs to describe the development process of things (objects), and a series of action languages can be used to dynamically describe the changes and development of things (objects), highlight "personality", render the atmosphere, make poetry more artistic, and build a three-dimensional and phenomenal picture.
Besides paying attention to the above methods and requirements, we should also pay attention to the use of expression. The poet Ai Qing said: "With materials and tools, there can be no technology." Several common expressions are: contrast, exaggeration, symbol, synaesthesia and so on. It can be said that each expression technique has its own uniqueness. The use of metaphor can express the content of poetry more vividly and vividly. The use of xing can make readers understand the artistic conception of poetry from the beginning, and make poetry more affectionate and lasting appeal; The use of exaggeration, symbolism, synaesthesia and other techniques can inject more fresh blood into poetry, make poetry more imaginative and affinity, without making people feel vague and obscure, and make readers truly understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author. In short, the creation of poetry is a process of thinking and expressing feelings. Only by being good at grasping and observing social conditions and dissolving sincere feelings in creation can we create excellent poems.