Achievements of the Italian Renaissance Movement

Engels spoke highly of the Renaissance. Engels' words can be summarized in two aspects: 1. This is the greatest and most progressive change that mankind has never experienced. 2. A group of giants appeared. The textbook also shows its progress in these two aspects: it is a major breakthrough in the ideological field, liberating people's pent-up talents, and thus a large number of outstanding figures have emerged. At the end of Italian Renaissance 13 and the beginning of 04+08, Italy was the earliest capitalist country in Europe. However, due to the unbalanced political and economic development, the advanced areas are limited to a few cities, especially Florence and Venice. In Florence, located in central Italy, there are seven guilds, mainly focusing on wool, banking and cloth processing industries. They not only control Florence's economy, but also directly control the city's political power. Members of the Presbyterian Church, the highest authority in Florence, can only be elected from among its members by seven guilds. The nobles were deprived of the right to participate in the political power, and the workers were in a helpless position. Under this political and economic background, Florence became the birthplace and the largest center of the Renaissance in Italy and even Europe. Achievements of Renaissance in Western European Countries/kloc-In the late 5th century, the Renaissance began in Italy and spread to Germany, Britain, France, Spain and other Western European countries. In these countries, a large number of outstanding representatives have also appeared. In Britain, Thomas Moore and Shakespeare are the representatives. Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. His masterpiece is Utopia. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. His works have complete structure, vivid plot, rich and refined language and outstanding personality, which represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature. In Spain, the representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes wrote a lot of poems, plays and novels, among which Don Quixote is the most famous, which has had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is known as "the father of Spanish drama". He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, which profoundly reflected the social reality of Spain and was deeply loved by the masses. His most outstanding masterpiece is Yangquan Village. In France, the representative figure is the novelist rabelais. His novel Biography of the Giant advocates liberating people's personality and encouraging people to become "all-knowing and all-powerful" people to overcome darkness and ignorance. In Germany, Erasmus, a representative figure, criticized and examined Christian classics with the spirit of humanism. His masterpiece is Ode to a Fool, which mercilessly exposes the ignorance of priests and satirizes the greed and lewdness of popes, bishops and feudal nobles. During the Renaissance, astronomy and other natural sciences made great achievements. In astronomy, Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, founded the Heliocentrism, which denied the geocentric theory since the Middle Ages, violently shook the scientific and ideological circles and shook the foundation of feudal theology. Kepler, a German scholar, inherited and developed Copernicus' thought and discovered the law of planets orbiting the sun in elliptical orbits. Galileo, an Italian scientist, made his own telescope, found that the Milky Way is a collection of thousands of single planets in Qian Qian, and observed the periodic profit and loss of Venus, which confirmed the correctness of Copernicus's "sun-centered theory". In anatomy, Vesaliua corrected many mistakes in anatomy and became the founder of modern anatomy. Vitas first discovered the blood circulation between the heart and lungs; Harvey established a relatively perfect theory of blood circulation. Mathematically, the first algebra paper appeared in 1494. Weidemann invented symbols, Kadai discussed cubic equations and quartic equations, and Wilt and Steven invented decimal points. In addition, during the Renaissance, outstanding progress was made in physics, biology and other fields.