one
In the long feudal society in ancient China, patriotism was mainly manifested in resisting foreign invasion, safeguarding the interests of the country and the nation, being loyal to the monarch and worrying about the country and the people. Its basic connotation mainly includes the following aspects.
(1) defend the country against the enemy. Patriotism is always associated with opposing foreign oppression and aggression. For thousands of years, the feat of defending the country and defending the country with one heart and one mind has constituted a tragic symphony. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qu Yuan praised the soldiers who defended their country and said, "Those who are sincere are brave and unyielding." . Huo Qubing of the Han Dynasty lamented, "Why are you at home when the Huns are still alive?" . In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Changling praised the soldiers guarding the border, saying that "Huangsha can wear full armor in hundreds of battles, but Loulan can't be returned", "But Longcheng flies, and Huma has never taught Yinshan"! In the Song Dynasty, Yue Fei drove a long car and broke through the Helan Mountain Que. Hungry people eat their meat, laughing people thirst for Hun blood ",singing the demeanor of a national hero. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was unyielding in saving the Yuan and saving the country, and never said, "No one has died since ancient times, take the heart of Dan and follow the history"! In the Ming Dynasty, Qi Jiguang "traveled to Goma 360 days a year" and Zheng Chenggong "opened the capital town to drive the Dutch, and recovered the first base area in ten years", which showed the heroic spirit of struggling with the enemy and defending the country and driving away bandits.
(2) Worrying about the country and the people and neglecting public and private affairs. There were many famous people in ancient China. They sacrificed their own selfish interests and even their lives in order to safeguard the interests of the country and the nation. Their famous sayings and aphorisms passed down from generation to generation expressed their sincere wishes. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qu Yuan "lamented the hardships of ordinary people's lives" and "I will go up and down to seek". Jia Yi in the Han Dynasty put forward that "the national ear forgets the family, and the public ear forgets the private". In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai "sighed four or five times in the middle of the night and often worried about the big country"; Du Fu "gets up early, is greedy for the black, cares about the country and the people, and wishes to prosper in one year"; Han Yu "takes the affairs of the country as his own responsibility". In Song Dynasty, Lu You was "humble and didn't dare to forget worrying about the country"; Su Dongpo's "those who serve the country will never take care of their families" and "those who serve the country will die"; Fan Zhongyan "worries about the world first, then happiness in the world." In the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng advocated that "family affairs, state affairs and what's going on in the world should be concerned". In the Qing Dynasty, Gu believed that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". The moral integrity and noble conduct of these celebrities all reflect a strong sense of patriotic pride.
(3) Self-esteem and self-improvement. In the pre-Qin period, Han Fei's "self-improvement" and "relying on others is not as good as self-improvement", Zhouyi's "Heaven is strong, and a gentleman is self-improvement", Han Dynasty's "People must respect themselves, and later people respect others", Tang Dynasty's Zhang Jiuling's "The reason why a country can be strong is only faith", Liu Yuxi's Shangshu "is endless and innovative" and "extensive and diligent in the pre-Qin period. Liu Zongyuan's "Flea Night Work, Hard Work" in Tang Dynasty; Li Shangyin's "Looking forward to the sages, from frugality to luxury"; And Ouyang Xiu's Shi in Song Dynasty. Those who are weak and can stand on their own feet are called successors. " In the Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen's "I strongly urge God to revive his glory and drop talents in an eclectic way" and so on all explained the importance of making progress. For thousands of years, the patriotic spirit of self-respect and self-improvement of the Chinese nation has been passed down from generation to generation and has become one of the essences of Chinese culture.
(4) Loyalty to the monarch and orthodoxy. Since ancient times was a feudal society, its patriotism must have a sense of loyalty to the monarch, that is to say, loyalty to the monarch means patriotism, and patriotism must be loyal to the monarch. For example, Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet, expressed his loyalty and patriotism to the monarch by "remonstrating death" when his ambition to assist the monarch in governing the country was difficult to pay. There are also Zhuge Liang's "do my best to die", Han Yu's "worry about the country and the people", Yue Fei's "loyal service to the country" and Xin Qiji's "chaos in the world first, great glory in the world later", and so on, all of which are loyalty to you. In connection with this, orthodoxy was also relatively strong in ancient patriotism, emphasizing the difference between "Yi Xia". For example, in The Analects of Confucius, "There is a way in the world, and rites and music are conquered by emperors", in The Book of Songs, "Is the world a king's land or a princes' territory", and Jia Yi's "Where the emperor is the world, Man Zi is the foot of the world" and so on. , all reflect the long-standing orthodoxy.
two
1840 After the defeat of the Opium War, the social nature of China changed, and modern patriotism was given a new era content. It is mainly manifested in opposing the aggression of imperialist powers, opposing feudal autocratic rule, saving the nation from extinction, and safeguarding national sovereignty and national independence.
(1) Resist foreign powers and save the nation. The fervent patriotism in modern times first came from the indignation aroused by national humiliation. The brutal military aggression, political enslavement and economic plunder carried out by the imperialist powers on the people of China have made China, which is independent, territorial and complete, with vast territory and abundant resources, lose its sovereignty, its mountains and rivers are broken, its economy is depressed, and its people are in great pain. In the face of national peril, many patriotic heroes stepped forward and fought for saving the country. First of all, Lin Zexu's "fighting for the life and death of the country and avoiding every cloud has a silver lining" is to resolutely resist the enemy and ban smoking and "fight bloody battles". In the two Opium Wars, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the border crisis, a large number of patriotic celebrities emerged, such as Guan Tianpei, Ge, Chen Huacheng, Monk Cave, Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu, Deng Shichang, Liu, Ding and Zuo, and some died heroically in the battle to save the nation. At the same time, the peasant class in China also actively participated in the struggle against foreign powers. The people's anti-British struggle in Sanyuanli, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Boxer Rebellion all dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression, showing a high degree of patriotic enthusiasm and dedication, which made the aggressors see China's "resilience" and "so the so-called partition is just a dream" [1]. The struggles of people of all ethnic groups in modern China against foreign capitalist aggression are quite different from those of Han people in ancient times, and their patriotism is much deeper and wider than that in ancient times.
(2) Learn from foreigners to control foreigners and stick to wealth. The brutal invasion of China by imperialist powers showed people its "strong ship and strong guns" and the backwardness of China's weapons. Many people of insight put forward that we should look at the world with wide eyes, learn advanced technology from the west, and use it for our own use to strengthen the country against aggression. Lin Zexu's Chronicle of the Four Seas, Wei Yuan's Annals of Charts and Yao Ying's Journey to Kang Yó u @ ① all reflect the idea of re-understanding China and the world and learning advanced western technology. In particular, Wei Yuan's thought of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" broke through the orthodox concept of "preventing foreigners from summer" and was a bold exploration of the road to defending a powerful country from being invaded. Later, the Westernization School put "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" into practice, advocated and presided over the Westernization Movement with learning western military technology as its core, and established the military industry to "enrich itself", which became the beginning of China's industrial modernization. It can be said that patriotism, which began with Wei Yuan and Lin Zexu, has jumped out of the narrow geographical boundaries of ancient patriotism, expanded its vision from the contradiction between the Central Plains dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities to the contradiction between the Chinese nation and the western capitalist powers, and began to have a world vision and global consciousness. This is undoubtedly a great progress compared with patriotism in ancient narrow areas.
(3) Be brave in reform and make it stronger. Patriots in modern China, in order to seek the way of national prosperity, put forward the idea of learning advanced western technology, and then targeted the disadvantages of China at the "system" related to the regime and began to learn the western regime thought. Hong Rengan (2) was the first pioneer in modern China who proposed to learn from the western political system. In his later platform of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he put forward a plan to develop capitalism and a new chapter for senior officials. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the deep national crisis made many patriots feel that if China did not reform its political system and strive for strength, the consequences would be unimaginable. They put forward that "only reform can serve the country; To reform, we must learn from foreign countries and actively spread western political science and natural science. The bourgeois reformists, represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, bravely broke the shackles of feudal thought, advocated comprehensive reform to revitalize the decline and eliminate disadvantages, and put forward a social reform plan to implement capitalist constitutional monarchy. Tan Sitong, one of the "six gentlemen" in wyndell dichinson execution ground, expressed his ambition to serve the country with strong political reform with the heroic spirit of "China's bloody political reform, please inherit it from the same beginning" and "I laugh at the sky with a horizontal knife and leave me with two Kunlun mountains".
(4) Oppose autocracy and create harmony. After the failure of the reform, the bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen reflected on the road of saving the country and the people, and put forward the Three People's Principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood and the idea of establishing bourgeois peace by revolutionary means. This is the highest achievement of modern China in seeking the way to save the country from the west. Since then, under the banner of the Three People's Principles, the national bourgeoisie has shouldered the task of bourgeois democratic revolution in an unprecedented manner, launched an armed uprising, and was repeatedly subjected to servants. Finally, through the Revolution of 1911, the Manchu dynasty was overthrown, the feudal autocratic rule of more than 2,000 years was ended, and bourgeois democracy was established. Overthrowing feudal autocracy and establishing a democratic republic is the concentrated expression of bourgeois revolutionaries' patriotism, which transcends the traditional political, ethical and moral norms of ancient Confucianism, jumps out of the stereotype that patriotism must be loyal to the monarch and the orthodox dynasty system for the first time, and realizes a leap in patriotism.
three
The modern history of China is a magnificent revolutionary history, and the surging wave of striving for national independence and people's liberation is surging in this ancient country with thousands of years of history, which has become a new feature of the times. Related to this, China's modern patriotism has a brand-new development on the basis of modern patriotism. It takes the revolutionary struggle of China producers as the red line, which is mainly manifested in overthrowing the three mountains of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, establishing a new China and taking the socialist road. Its basic connotation mainly includes the following aspects.
(a) to explore and seek the truth of saving the country. Since the Opium War, many patriotic sages have been brave enough to explore and seek the truth of saving the country in order to save the nation. However, all failed. With the clarion call of the October Revolution, revolutionary pioneers such as Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong finally found the revolutionary truth of saving the country-Marxism–Leninism. They combined Marxism–Leninism with the China Workers' Movement, founded the proletarian party-China Producers' Party, which represents the most advanced force in China society, and led the people of China to embark on the new-democratic revolutionary road of thoroughly anti-imperialism and feudalism. From then on, the future of the Chinese nation began to dawn, and the people of China, suffering from internal troubles and foreign invasion, had new hope. China patriots' arduous course of seeking the truth of saving the country shows that modern patriotism is not only the inheritance and development of modern patriotism, but also the sublimation of a higher level.
(2) Resist Japan and save the nation and strive for national independence. In 1930s, Japanese imperialism launched a large-scale brutal war of aggression against China. Facing the collapse of the country, China's * * * production party cooperated with the Kuomintang for the second time, led the people of the whole country to carry out an arduous eight-year war of resistance, finally defeated the Japanese invaders and won the first complete victory of the Chinese nation against imperialist aggression in the past hundred years. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China's * * * Production Party became the mainstay of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's leadership, injecting new contents into China's patriotism. First, from the patriotic spirit of a few heroes to the patriotic enthusiasm of the whole people in the war of resistance, traditional patriotism only pays attention to the patriotic spirit of a few celebrities and ignores the patriotic feelings of the broad masses of the people. This is also the tragedy of some national heroes who are "guilty and powerless" and even fail. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, China's * * * production party took the people as the main body of the war of resistance, and put forward that "the soldiers and the people are the foundation of victory", which aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of the people all over the country and sang the strong voice of the times "Building our new Great Wall with our flesh and blood" from the heart. In the land invaded by the Japanese invaders, there were heroic scenes in which the mother sent her children, the wife sent her husband, and Qi Xin cooperated in the eastward expedition and the western war, which condensed into a brave army that went to the national disaster with one heart and one mind, and eventually the enemy was doomed. Second, from a closed patriotic consciousness to an open patriotic concept. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has been closed to the outside world for a long time, which makes traditional patriotism inevitably narrow and closed. In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China is closely linked with the world anti-fascist war and has become the main battlefield in the East. This enables people to break the narrow vision and liberate themselves from traditional ideas. Starting from the common interests of the Chinese people and the people of the world, the producers in China put forward that "patriotism and internationalism must be combined" and "patriotism is the implementation of internationalism in the national liberation war" [2], which not only opposed Japanese aggression against China, but also actively supported the anti-fascist war of fraternal countries. Facts show that the victory of China War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is not only a victory of patriotism, but also a victory of internationalism. Third, from orthodox loyalty to serving the country to fighting for people's interests and ideals. Due to the influence of feudal ethics for thousands of years, traditional patriotism has been branded as "loyal to the monarch and serving the country". During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, China * * * producers built patriotism on the fundamental interests of the country and the people, and integrated it with the proletarian ideal, and put forward the goal of "defeating the invaders and establishing a new China" [③], leading the military and civilians to fight for the improper self-interest of the conquered nation, to save the nation from peril and to fight for the lofty ideal of capitalism. This laid a solid ideological foundation for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's patriotism, stimulated the people's enthusiasm for the war of resistance, and finally defeated the Japanese aggressors.
(3) Overthrow the three mountains and take the socialist road. In semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, all patriots dreamed of building an independent, democratic and prosperous new China and designed various roads for it. However, the reformists of the landlord class hoped to save the country through the westernization movement of seeking wealth and self-improvement, but failed; Although the Taiping Rebellion of the peasant class created the peasant regime, it failed after 14 years. The bourgeois reformists tried to implement constitutional monarchy through political reform, but ultimately failed; The bourgeois revolutionaries overthrew the feudal autocratic rule and established the first bourgeois republic in the history of China, but it was quickly stolen by the northern warlords. Only after the proletariat of China and its vanguard, the productive party of China, stepped onto the political stage, did the face of China's revolution take on a new look. For the first time, China's * * * Production Party solved the problem of how to correctly patriotism and save the country theoretically and practically, and pointed out the correct socialist road through the new-democratic revolution. Under the leadership of China * * Production Party, the people of China finally overthrew the three mountains of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, completely drove away the imperialist forces that invaded China for more than a century, established an independent new China, won the victory of the new-democratic revolution, and then went to socialism with a brand-new majestic posture, made a series of brilliant achievements in socialist revolution and construction, and realized the century-old dream of saving the country and strengthening the country. History has eloquently proved that only socialism can save China, and only China Productivity Party has the most advanced and greatest patriotic spirit and strength in the history of China. Its great achievements in patriotism are unprecedented contributions to China's patriotism.
Precautions:
(1) the boxer movement, the fourth volume, page 245th.
(2) "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" Volume 2, page 520th.
(3) Selected Works of Mao Zedong Volume 3, page 1030.
(Editor Zhang Yuanmin)
Notes about words not stored in fonts:
@ ① The original word Chejia Monsieur beaucaire
@ ② The original word Wang Jiagan