Basic knowledge points of Chinese in senior three 1
1. China's classical literature has various forms, including poetry, prose, drama and novels.
1. Poetry includes poems, words and Sanqu. And there are differences between ancient poems, regular poems and quatrains. There are four, five, six and seven sentence patterns in ancient poetry. As far as characters are concerned, there are more than 800 tones; According to the number of words, it is divided into poetry, middle tune and long tune. Sanqu is also rich in tunes.
2. Prose includes narration, travel, reasoning and lyricism.
3. Novels include notes, legends, commentary and Zhang Hui's novels.
Traditional drama has matured since Yuan Dynasty, including Zaju and Nanqu.
2. China classical literature has a glorious history of 3,000 years.
1. Before the Qin Dynasty, many great works appeared in China.
(1) The earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, has preserved 305 ancient poems. These poems were produced between 1 1 century BC and the 6th century BC, including folk songs, sacrificial songs and music songs for holding ceremonies, some narrative poems, some lyric poems and some satirical poems. These reflect the life at that time.
(2) After the middle of the 4th century BC, a new poetic style "Chu Ci" appeared in southern Chu State. Qu Yuan, a great poet, wrote such long political lyric poems as Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters in this new form. Qu Yuan's works contain a lot of myths and legends, rich imagination and passionate feelings, which have a great influence on later works.
(3) Prose developed greatly during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC. The earliest historical works are Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy, as well as the academic and ideological works of pre-Qin philosophers such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. Many chapters in these works have high attainments in memorizing words and notes, describing characters, arguing, text structure and language application, which have had a far-reaching impact on the development of prose in later generations.
2. During the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China literature further developed.
Sima Qian (1), a great historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records, which had a great influence on later literature and literature. Biographies for many historical figures of different classes and types created a precedent for China's biographical literature.
(2) During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, as the institution in charge of music, specially recorded folk songs and sang them with music, so many folk songs were preserved. The existing folk songs of Han Yuefu mostly appear in the form of five-character poems, and the longest narrative poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" is developed from folk songs.
(3) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, based on Yuefu folk songs, five-character poems created by literati came into being. But at the beginning, the output of poetry was relatively small. During the Jian 'an period, some poets, especially Cao Zhi, used Yuefu folk songs to express their personal thoughts and feelings and wrote many good five-character poems. Five-character poems have been further developed. Tao Yuanming, a poet in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote five-character poems in popular and natural language, praising labor life and rural scenery. The content and style of poetry are fresh and natural. Folk songs in the Northern and Southern Dynasties were also preserved because the government collected and recorded music. Folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are mostly love songs of young men and women. Folk songs in the Northern Dynasties have a wide range of themes, among which Mulan Poetry is a masterpiece of China literature.
3. The Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were the development periods of China literature.
(1), Tang poetry, complete genre, including classical poetry, metrical poetry, quatrains and so on. Li Bai's poems mocked the common customs, rebelled against powerful people, and were full of romantic spirit of pursuing ideals. He praised the magnificent rivers and mountains and free life of the motherland, and expressed strong indignation at unreasonable social phenomena and the failure to display his talents. Du Fu's life was full of hardships and being close to the people. His poems profoundly reflected the social unrest and the pain of people's life at that time. He exposed the disparity between the rich and the poor in feudal society with the poem "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the road freezes to death". His poems are full of realistic spirit, carrying forward the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and Yuefu, and opening up a broad road for later poets. Bai Juyi is another great poet after Li and Du Fu. He advocates that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written well". He wrote ten "Qin Zhongyin" and fifty "New Yuefu" to expose the political darkness at that time. Some poems have been read for a long time, such as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel.
(2) In the Song Dynasty, the lyrics of music prevailed and reached its peak. Liu Yong's ci and Su Wan's ci have promoted the development of ci. Xin Qiji and Lu You were two patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. The poems of these two poets are highly regarded in China literature.
(3) Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties is also very developed. The ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty is an important movement of style reform. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, the advocates of this movement, advocated abandoning the flashy essays of the couple since the Six Dynasties and writing practical and simple ancient prose. Their articles, even if they are called "ancient prose", are actually new-style prose. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Su Wan continued to advocate this kind of ancient prose. Since then, the ancient prose of "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" has become a popular style in China for a long time.
(4) Novels with relatively complete story lines centered on portraying characters also developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The most famous novel in the Tang Dynasty is Legend. Liu Yichuan is one of the representative works of Tang legends. These novels; Most of them mainly depict characters, with bizarre plots and complete structures. In the Song Dynasty, novels had a new development. Due to the development of the city and the expansion of the citizen class, "Pinghua" appeared in this period.
4. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, China literature made new progress and made great achievements in drama and novels.
(1), the form of Yuan Zaju is very novel. His works, such as Dou Eyuan by Guan Hanqing, Autumn Colors in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan and The West Chamber by Wang Shifu, respectively depict different images of oppressed women in feudal society. The first two articles are about political darkness and women's bad luck, and the second one is about the spirit of young men and women resolutely resisting ethics and fighting for love freedom.
(2) The dramas of Ming and Qing Dynasties developed rapidly, with longer length and more plots, which reflected deeper and wider real life. Works such as Pipa, Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu and Peach Blossom Fan by Kong.
(3) The novels in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties have surpassed all previous times, made new development and produced brilliant works in China literature. Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shi's Water Margin, Wu Cheng'en's The Journey to the West, Pu Songling's Collection of Short Stories in Classical Chinese, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Wu's Scholars and Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions in Qing Dynasty. The Scholars describes the life, thoughts and feelings of scholars in the imperial examination era, and satirizes the corruption of the imperial examination system and the ugly state of some scholars vying for fame and fortune. A Dream of Red Mansions, through the love tragedy between Mao Baoyu and Lin Daiyu and the change of a big bureaucratic landlord family, profoundly criticized the decadence in the late feudal society and the hypocrisy of feudal ethics, and expressed great sympathy to those who despised feudal ethics and tried to develop their individuality. A Dream of Red Mansions shows a huge picture of life and creates dozens of characters with distinctive personalities and high typical significance. This work has a complete structure, exquisite brushwork and beautiful and vivid language, reaching the artistic peak of the development of China's classical novels. A Dream of Red Mansions is a masterpiece of China's classical novels.
5. After the Opium War, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and some works reflecting the people's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal demands appeared in literature. For example, Li's novel Officialdom in Appearance and Wu Woyao's novel Strange Land Seen in Twenty Years have profoundly exposed the corruption of the Qing government and the darkness of society. Huang Zunxian and Liang Qichao also wrote many poems with democratic thoughts. Various forms, vivid characters and refined images are highly artistic expressions of China's excellent classical literature. China's classical literature is a valuable asset in our cultural heritage.
Third, the author's works:
-1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.
-2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as "Liu Han", were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. -
3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as "Su Xin"; Graceful poetess: Li Qingzhao (poetess)
5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of "Chu Ci" and the romantic style of China's poetry.
7. Confucius, named Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as "Confucius Sage" and Mencius as "Yasheng", both of whom are called "Confucius and Mencius".
-8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting."
-9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu was therefore honored as a "poet saint", and there were also some "three officials": Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan and Xin 'an official; "Three Farewells": wedding farewell, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.
10. China's first biographical general history is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), written by Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians", including: 12 biographies, 30, 70 and 650.
1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Han History, Later Han History, History of the Three Kingdoms.
-12, four masters of Yuanqu: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.
-13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. "Liaozhai" is the name of his library, "Zhi" is a narrative, and "Alien" is a strange thing. -
14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng.
15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:
Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius
Legalist: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Mohist school: Mozi
16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.
-17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.
18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin; Song Zu: Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu; Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng; Hanwu: Liu Che, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
-19, China's first pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and "Five buckets of rice don't bow their heads".
-20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Spencer and Abagong.
-2 1, a typical miser in China: Yan Jiansheng.
Basic knowledge points of Chinese in senior three II.
First, keywords
1, escape: A bird startled a horse and ran to the left.
2. Direction: The sleeves of the towel are blunt, so listen, if you wait (stop, don't move).
3. humiliating question: today I asked my elders a humiliating question (lowering my status).
Fortunately, however, if you hate penetrating musculoskeletal, how can you avoid it? I'm glad to hear about it (hope)
5. Hu: My aunt ruined Hu to this extent (demeaning her status).
6. Load: Take care of the load, and don't say much (the journey is hard)
7. Will: Where did the distinguished guests come from (Fang, just now)
8. Ji: Yesterday I went to the first place to play with water (by the water).
9, sit: can't hear, sit deaf (G incarnation) (caused by this)
10, broken: it rained all the time, but it broke the blue sky and flew away (crack).
1 1, tender: fortunately, I have tried my best to tender (qi:NQ:n) (touching and affectionate).
12: Needless to say, disturbing the palace (idle)
Second, interchangeable words.
1, the scene from the clouds, see a person, wearing purple clothes, holding a sapphire (through the shadow, like a shadow).
2, bed coral, curtain water (crystal, water, that is, crystal)
3, love kindness, unclear words, far-reaching career (sharing, receiving)
4. From now on, don't do this (pass. Already gone, later)
Third, the word is polysemy.
1, lucky: ① concubines are unlucky (verb, lucky)
(2) My king is lucky to be in the Zhu Xuan Pavilion (especially when the king goes somewhere).
(3) Fortunately, I was bitten by a tooth (thanks)
Fortunately, I heard (hope)
See: ① See a woman (verb, see)
(2) I am embarrassed to ask the old man today (passive)
3, sit, sit: ① Life is sitting under mental deficiency (verb, sit)
(2) Sitting deaf (resulting from sitting deaf)
4. Remarks: ① Say goodbye (farewell, farewell)
② It is the former speaker (word, word)
3 easy? (Hu:) Return the compliment and politely decline (politely decline)
(4) What can I say (shirk)
5, use: ① tied with other things (use, release)
Open Baidu APP to watch high-definition pictures.
(2) respect and progress (equivalent to and)
(3) the guests should stay here and wait (for the purpose)
(4) God has been kind to me in ancient and modern times (because)
6, to: ① I would rather pay tribute (convey)
(2) Sincere trust in negativity (in order to)
Fourth, the flexible use of parts of speech
1, Music: When the husband is happy (adjective conation, take pleasure in it ...)
2, scenery, clouds: scenery (yǐng) from clouds (masterpieces, such as shadows, such as clouds)
3. Be honest with people (move them and make them sad)
4. Urgent: but urgent (as urgent as ...)
5, life: hope to get life and return (famous, alive)
6. the east: look east, crying will keep you away from the east (masterpiece, the east)
7. Stop: The husband is the only one who stops.
8. Column, bed and curtain: the column is made of white jade and sapphire, the bed is coral and the curtain is water. Make the bed; Make curtains)
V. Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times
1, Aunt: ① Ancient meaning: in-laws.
Today's meaning: uncle and aunt.
2, relatives: 1 ancient meaning: brothers and flesh.
② Today's meaning: relatives who are related by marriage.
3, in fact: 1 ancient meaning: he, virtual and real (two words).
② Modern meaning: adverb, indicating the actual situation.
4. Nature: ① Ancient meaning: nature.
2 today's meaning: not reluctant, not rigid.
Sixth, sentence patterns
1, a strange one regards it as a different color (judgment sentence)
2. Concubine, my daughter, the Dragon King of Dongting (true or false)
3. My Lord, Long Ye (true or false)
4, I, Yifu also (true or false)
5, non-sheep, rain workers (true or false)
6. This Lingxu Temple is also (judged)
7. Yi, a native king (true or false)
8. I'm embarrassed to ask the old man today (passive sentence)
9. sympathize with handmaiden (passive sentence)
10, lost by her husband (passive sentence)
1 1, humiliated by urchins (passive sentence)
12, herding sheep by the roadside (prepositions and object phrases are put behind)
13, tied together with other things (followed by prepositional object phrases)
14, stop in the corner of the big room (after the prepositional phrase)
15, carved glass on Cuimei (prepositions and object phrases are put behind)
16, watching the king's daughter herding sheep in the wild.
17, I went to Dongting (after the prepositional phrase)
18, there are officials secretly serving you.
19, what can it be called (prepositional object)
What else can I say (prepositional object)
2 1, and then sue (it) to my aunt (ellipsis)
Seven. Translation of difficult sentences
1, why bring disgrace to oneself.
What troubles make you so wronged?
2, and the husband enjoys it, being confused by the handmaiden, and enjoying it.
But my husband is not doing his job properly, likes wandering and is confused by handmaiden. He hates and despises me every day.
3. The column is made of white jade and sapphire, the bed is made of coral, the curtain is made of water, the glass is carved with plum, and the amber is decorated with hongdong.
The pillars are made of white jade, the steps are made of sapphire, the beds are made of coral, the curtains are made of crystal, the colored lintels are inlaid with colored glass, and the colored beams are decorated with amber.
4. In a moment, the red smoke covers the left, the purple gas is comfortable, and the aroma returns to the palace.
After a while, the woman was surrounded by red smoke and purple gas, and the aroma echoed. She went into the palace.
Basic knowledge points of Chinese in senior three 3
Classical Chinese translation formula
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea. Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words. If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain. Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours. Omitting inversion is regular. Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence. After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.
Formula for correcting errors:
Correct mistakes and ponder carefully; Subject refers to less objects, improper use of words, disordered word order, repeated verbiage, unclear reference, wrong use of conjunctions, illogical, too many negatives, find out the reasons and correct them accurately. "
Related words and rhymes:
"Not only" and "and" progressive, "although" and "but" table turning point;
"Only" and "only" table conditions, "if" and "only" table assumptions;
"Because" and "So" indicate causality, "Not" and "Yes" indicate choice;
"First" and "After" are connected, on the contrary, they are tied.
Narrative sequence melody
There are three main narrative sequences, sequential flashback and insertion.
The order is written in time and the hierarchical context is easy to understand.
Flashbacks are impressive, stimulating and attractive.
Interpolation sets off and supplements the theme, making it more vivid.
Composition winning song formula
It is effective to have a complete train of thought and formulate a good question.
It's a wonderful idea to show off from the beginning.
Highlight language is indispensable, and the interpretation of writing is also very important.
Anticlimactic is not very good, but it is a new talent.
Composition writing formula:
Material selection: the composition should be carefully selected, paying attention to observation and thinking; To choose the essence, to move people, you can write like a god.
Theme: Narrative lyric or description, vivid and concise; Don't forget to write, the theme should be clear.
Intention: the article should be accurate first, distinguish right from wrong and then seek novelty; We should go from imitation to creation, not telling lies and seeking truth.
Structure: if the subject matter is as blood as flesh, the skeleton of the article is structure; Think it over before you start writing, and the hierarchical logic will be in order.
Beginning: the beginning of the article is very important, and the variety show is wonderful; Straight to the point is the easiest thing to learn, and you don't have to turn east and west.
Refining words: refining words is like picking grains of sand, and repeating them after writing the first draft; If you don't waste extra words, keywords are worth thousands of pounds!
Sentence-making: Sentence-making is afraid of cliches, and living language is touching; Hear good sentences every day and accumulate them in the text.
Tailoring: make clothes, talk about tailoring, and modify articles after writing; What should be concise and detailed depends on the clever arrangement of additions and deletions.
Details: improving writing depends on diligence, and telling details at critical moments; Choose typical photo scissors to make the finishing point and surprise the audience.
Ending: the good ending is endless, and the bad ending is unclear; Ever-changing, throw away the theme pen when you finish writing.
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