Original text:
Pass 3 pheasant doves, in Hezhou 4.
My Fair Lady is a gentleman.
Interlaced shepherd's purse ⑥, flowing from left to right.
A beautiful and virtuous woman wakes up to pursue her.
I am happy to have it, and I am tired of it.
Miss Long, I can't sleep over and over again.
Mix shepherd's purse and choose from left to right.
My Fair Lady is a friend of the harp and the harp.
Uneven leeks, left and right.
A beautiful and virtuous woman rings the bell to please her.
[Notes]
1 Guan Yu: Title of the article. It is taken from the first sentence of the psalm. This is how the title of The Book of Songs came into being.
② Nan Zhou: In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Gongdan (BC 1063- BC 1057) lived in Luoyi (now Luoyang City, Henan Province) and ruled the eastern vassal states. Nan Zhou is a southern poem under the rule of the Duke of Zhou. Guanju is a love song about a noble man who fell in love with a girl who picked leeks, adored her, pursued her and wanted to marry her.
3 customs: onomatopoeia words, the crow of birds.
(4) the mainland in the river: (male and female pheasant doves) live on the land in the river. Describe their harmony.
⑤ Good: It is equal to saying "a good couple". Qiu: Spouse.
6 broken shepherd's purse: broken shepherd's purse. Uneven, different in length and size. Shepherd's purse, an aquatic plant, has round leaves and thin stems, roots in the bottom of the water, leaves float on the water, and is edible.
All landowners all landowners: awake. May: I fell asleep.
8 thinking clothes: missing. W: Yes.
Pet-name ruby friend: Play the harp to express your love for her.
Attending: Touch, here is the meaning of choice.
Translation:
Pheasants and pigeons are singing on the island by the river.
A kind and beautiful girl, an ideal object for young men.
Long and short fresh shepherd's purse is harvested on both sides of the river.
A kind and beautiful girl who wants to pursue day and night.
If the pursuit fails, my heart hangs day and night.
It's a long night, trouble sleeping.
Long and short fresh shepherd's purse, picked with both hands.
Kind and beautiful girl, playing the piano and harp to show her love.
Long and short fresh shepherd's purse, carefully selected on both sides
A kind and beautiful girl, the bell brought her a smile.
The chirping of pigeons aroused the infatuation of the young man and made him intoxicated by the infatuation of the girl alone. Various complex emotions arise spontaneously, longing and disappointment are intertwined, and happiness and pain coexist. The mentality of a pure teenager in love is revealed here. Pairs of pigeons are like loving couples. Looking at the harmonious scenery of their island in the river, the young man's eyes were attracted by the girls Here, the poet used the words "Liu" and "Cai" to describe the process of the young man's inner change.
Many sentences in the poem contain profound and beautiful meanings, among which My Fair Lady, which praises both her beauty and her beauty, can be said to echo and complement each other. Another example is the phrase "tossing and turning", which vividly expresses the love of the lover. Later, Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and George's "Moon Qu Yuan" all came from here. And the last sentence "the joy of bells and drums" is the original words of "a thousand dollars can't buy a beautiful woman to laugh". Through the pen of this unknown author, we are completely moved by this simple love story and beautiful picturesque scene.
The expression of this poem belongs to "Xing", one of the three major bills of "Fu, Bi and Xing" in the Book of Songs, that is, starting from things that seem to have nothing to do with the theme, it leads to the heart and expresses the mind. This poem is rich in vocabulary, such as the use of verbs such as "Liu", "Qiu", "Cai" and "You", as well as adjectives such as "graceful" and "uneven", which shows the poet's literary skill. The whole poem is catchy and the rhythm is harmonious and pleasing to the ear. Among them, there are two tones, overlapping rhyme and rich rhyme with the foot of the word "zhi" In addition, the rhyme of the first sentence which has the greatest influence on the later Seven Rhymes and Four-line Poems is the first work of China's ancient rhymes.
2. Appreciation of Guan Ju (Chu Binjie)
This is the first poem in China's ancient poetry collection The Book of Songs. Guan Ju is an ancient folk love song, which originated more than two thousand years ago. In the poem, a man longs for a beautiful and virtuous girl. Because of his deep love, the image of this girl appeared repeatedly in his mind, which made him uneasy and unforgettable. He fantasizes that one day, he can marry this girl forever, become a couple and live a harmonious and happy life. The feelings expressed in this poem are straightforward and true, and it is still so fresh and moving to read after 1000 years.
The whole poem begins with the sound of a pair of pigeons on the beach, and then writes about my feelings. Crown dove, waterfowl; According to the old legend, they are inseparable. Close refers to the sound of one hand and one voice. "The pigeons in Guanguan are in Hezhou", which is either the first thing the author saw or the explanation is to compare the courtship of birds with that of birds, so the predecessors argued about what methods to use to assign values, compare and prosper. In fact, these two sentences in the poem do not exclude the author's true views, but they do play the role of media, metaphor, association and even symbol for the whole poem. So we don't think it is necessary to be so rigid. A young man, seeing a pair of waterfowl in love on the river and hearing their echoing cries, will naturally arouse his infinite feelings, not to mention a beloved person in his heart! "My fair lady, a gentleman is good." He longed for that beautiful and virtuous girl to be his ideal spouse. Among these four poems, the first sentence, "Pigeons off the gate", is about singing birds, not listening; The second sentence "in Hezhou" is to find the sound, but not the sound; The third sentence "My Fair Lady" is my opinion of myself. The last sentence, "A gentleman is a good lover", is the hero's strong yearning and silent self-wish. Although it is only four sentences, it is very hierarchical and meaningful.
The second chapter, with sentimental feelings, frankly wrote his yearning heart and the suffering of lovesickness. This young man loves a girl who picks shepherd's purse by the river. "The shepherd's purse is uneven and flows left and right." Shepherd's purse, an aquatic plant, has a horseshoe-shaped leaf with a diameter of one or two inches and can be eaten (Compendium of Materia Medica by Li See Shizhen). "Flow from left to right", that is, along the water flow, you can pick it sideways to the left and sideways to the right. "Flow, follow the water and take it" (Zhu Shi Zhuan). It is the gentle and graceful figure of this girl picking leeks while working at the water's edge that makes him miss day and night. "My lady, beg for it; I can't wait, think about it (missing). " I wrote about his eagerness to pursue and miss; "Wandering, tossing and turning" is about his lovesickness, which has reached the point where he can't sleep at night. Long described his constant worries when he couldn't sleep at night. The word "carefree" here is expressed in a sigh tone, which deliberately aggravates the emotional color and makes sleepless nights and thoughts unbearable.
The suffering of lovesickness is very profound.
If you go to extremes, you will have an illusion. Then, in the third chapter, the cheerful and lively scenes of "Friends of Harp and Hare" and "Music of Bells and Drums" suddenly appeared. This is a huge change. Friends of the Harp and Friends, intimate love; Playing the harp symbolizes the harmony and happiness when they meet and get along. "Bell and drum music" is a lively scene when getting married. There is no doubt that this is a man who is lovesick's longing for the future and his wish to realize it. Fantasy is certainly not reality, but it is very natural that fantasy is born of emotion. And this lyric hero is simply intoxicated with the expected success. This description of love psychology is as romantic as the hero in Qin Jian's pursuit of what he can't love and fantasy of "everything is in the middle of the water". In fact, this
It is also a subtle capture and true portrayal of the love psychology that is used to life.
When the ancients explained this poem, they either painted it with feudal ethics, or said that it was "the virtue of beautiful empresses", or that it was "stabbing Kang Wang", nominally "proving the poem with history", which was actually a distortion. However, the two sentences that Confucius said when commenting on the style and characteristics of this poem do have some insights, which still inspire us today. Confucius said, "Guan Ju is happy but not lewd, and sad but not hurt" (The Analects of Eight Essays). As a love poem, it is about longing, pursuit and yearning, which is both profound and implicit. It's time to stop. Not only wrote the yearning for love, but also did not fall into deep lament. It is straightforward, simple, sincere and healthy.
Kang is an ancient and excellent folk song.
3. Appreciation of Guan Ju (Nie Shiqiao)
Guanju is the beginning of Feng and the first article of The Book of Songs. The ancients ranked it at the top of 300 articles, indicating its high degree of attention. "Historical Records Family of consorts" once recorded: "The Book of Changes is the foundation of Gankun, the Book of Songs began in Guanju, and the Book of Songs is beautiful ... The couple are married and have great humanity." The Biography of Han Kuang Heng also recorded Kuang Heng's thin cloud: "At the time of matching, the beginning of human life is the origin of all blessings. The wedding ceremony is right, and then the goods are cashed and the fate is complete. Confucius' comments on poetry generally began with Guan Ju. ..... The first of this discipline is the end of Wang Jiao. "Their focus is pedantic, but the summary of the original intention of poetry is basically correct. The question is what kind of marriage it represents. This is related to our understanding of the wind. The preface to Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "The so-called poetic style mostly comes from the works of alley ballads. The so-called men and women sing songs and express their feelings. Zheng Qiao's Preface to Tongzhi Yuefu Zheng Sheng said: "Poetry is in sound, not in meaning. Even today, there are new voices in the city, and the streets and alleys are competing for songs. Is it the beauty of its meaning? "Go straight for its new ear." Zhu discusses it from the poetic meaning, but explains it from the tone. Combining the two, we can think that the wind is a kind of ballad that expresses the love between men and women and sings with local accent. Although Zhu's interpretation of Guan Ju's theme is not so, from the specific performance of Guan Ju, it is indeed a romantic work between men and women, which is about a man's pursuit of women's love. Its sound, emotion, writing and meaning are all good enough to be the beginning of the wind and the first of 300 articles. Confucius said, "Guan Ju is happy but not lewd, and sad but not hurt." (The Analects of Confucius) From then on, people's comments on Guanju were all "compromised by my husband."
Zi (Historical Records of Confucius' Family). But what about Guan Ju?
This poem was originally composed of three chapters: one chapter with four sentences, two chapters with eight sentences and three chapters with eight sentences. Zheng Xuan divided the last two chapters into two chapters, five chapters and four sentences each. Now use Zheng Xuan's method. The first chapter: dove and Song are in Hezhou, and their spouses are not chaotic, and a gentleman is a good couple. The beauty of this chapter lies in soothing the voice of justice, leading the whole article with tone and forming the tone of the whole poem. Take "My Fair Lady, Gentleman's Good Style" as the whole poem. The "jagged shepherd's purse" in the second chapter comes from "Guan Guan Ji Ge" and is also based on what grows on the mainland. "Liu" and "Mao Zhuan" all teach "seeking" and are not valid. Because the word "beg" has been used below, it is not appropriate to have the meaning of "beg" here; It should be a flowing saying. This is a metaphor that a lady is hard to find by borrowing the flow of shepherd's purse. The word "autumn" is the center of the whole poem, which shows the process of men pursuing women, that is, from deep yearning to realizing their desire to get married. The third chapter expresses my anxiety that I can't get it. This is the key to an article, which can best reflect the spirit of the whole poem. Yao Jiheng's "General Theory of the Book of Songs" commented: "There are four chapters before and after, four sentences in the chapter, and the meaning can be known. Today, these four sentences are placed under "I want to seek more happiness for myself" and above "Friends" and "Joy", which were handed down from the previous chapter. The whole spirit is here. Guy must write these four sentences to satisfy the two meanings of "friend" and "joy". Without this, the clouds above are "seeking" and the clouds below are "friends" and "music", so the momentum will be weak and it will be weak. This ancient prose strives to be concise, and its tone is also tight, which is different from the soft voice before and after. " Yao's analysis of the importance of this chapter in the whole poem is the most accurate. What needs to be added is that this chapter not only carries forward the literary spirit with numerous overtones, but also writes a vivid and vivid image, that is, Wang Shizhen's so-called "Poems are as picturesque as three hundred" in Yu Yang. Lin Yiguang's Book of Songs explained: "I woke up tossing and turning, still in bed." This description of the feelings of missing one's lover can be described as "sad without hurting". The fourth and fifth chapters are about the happiness of seeking. Friends of the harp and the music of the bell and drum are all acquired scenes. The words "friend" and "music" have their own weight and depth. The so-called "pleasure without lewdness" means writing quickly and happily without involving extravagance and waste. The whole poem is about a man's yearning and pursuit of women.
Unhappy anxiety and seeking happiness.
This poem mainly shows good luck, and Mao legend says, "Master Xing." What is "Xing"? Kong's explanation is the most pertinent. He said in "Justice in Mao Poetry": "Anyone who is' Xing' will rise. Draw inferences from others, lead the whole class and open your heart. All the plants, animals and birds cited in Poetry are' Xing'. " The so-called "xing" is to arouse what is sung from other scenery as a sustenance. This is a euphemistic and implicit expression. Such a poem is based on the dove's "loyalty and difference", and a lady should be worthy of a gentleman; Miss with poor leek flow is hard to find; It is also "picking" and "doing" with leeks and "making love" and "making trouble" with young ladies. The advantage of this technology lies in sending
It has far-reaching significance and can produce more than enough effect.
This poem also uses some disyllabic rhyming words to enhance the harmonious beauty of poetic tone and the vividness of describing characters. For example, "graceful and restrained" rhymes; "Staggered" is disyllabic; "Tossing" is both a double tone and a rhyme. Use such words to modify actions, such as "tossing and turning"; Imitate images, such as My Fair Lady; Describing scenery, such as "jagged shepherd's purse", is vivid and vivid. Liu said in his Essay Notes: "The ancient voice ... proverbs mostly follow the nature, and the reason why they can be homophonic is that one sentence is Ye Yun, and the other is that the words with double rhymes are used between sentences." Although this poem is not Ye Yun's sentence, it is guaranteed to use two-syllable rhyming words.
Keep the simple and natural style of ancient poetry.
In terms of rhyme, this poem adopts the way of even sentences entering rhyme. This even rhyme has dominated China's classical poetry for more than two thousand years. Moreover, the whole article rhymes three times, and the word "zhi" at the foot of the function word does not rhyme, but the previous word of the function word rhymes. This uneven change of rhythm greatly enhances the sense of rhythm and beauty of poetry.
We should understand Guan Ju from two aspects: poetry and music. As far as poetry is concerned, it is a "folk song", and the love between men and women is reflected in a folk custom. According to legend, the ancients had the custom of meeting men and women in mid-spring moon. "Zhou Li Local Officials and Media Officials" said: "Media officials (that is, media officials) are responsible for everyone's judgment (cooperation). ..... Mid-spring (February) makes men and women, so I can't bear it (I can't help running); Those who don't use the order for no reason will be punished, and those who have no husband will be punished. " The chant in Guanju may not be a record of this historical event, but this historical event helps us to understand the psychological state and customs of ancient men and women who met, fell in love and hoped to get married. The object of literary works is social life, and the description of social customs can more truly reproduce social life, so that social life can be integrated into the picture of social customs, which is more realistic. Guan Ju describes the love between men and women in ancient times as a social custom. As far as music is concerned, the whole poem is formed for harmony. Zheng Qiao's Preface to Tongzhi Yuefu Zheng Sheng said: "Those who tune words are called poems, and when they are sung, they are called songs. There is no poet who does not sing. " Zheng Qiao particularly emphasized the importance of temperament. All lively and vivid poems in ancient times can often be sung and pay attention to the harmony of timbre. Guanju uses repeated chapters and sentences, which shows that it is a song and a poem that lives in people's mouths. Of course, "Guanju" is a combination of expressing poetry and fast sound, and conveying poetry with tone. Zheng Xuan's Preface to Poetry said: "Yu Shu said:' Poetry expresses ambition, songs always say, sound is eternal, and law is harmonious.' However, what is the way of poetry? "
(Selected from Treasures of China Literature Appreciation, Shaanxi People's Education Publishing House, 1995).